Sociology Final Exam

The total value of everything that someone owns, minus debts, is

wealth

Income and wealth are

 

often confused.

When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on

 

getting their children to follow rules and obey authority.

As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health?

worsens

Lee started as a bank teller and 15 years later ended up running the bank. This is an example of _____ mobility.

 

upward social

Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers.

 

working class

Most of the poor

are less educated

Most members of the working poor class

are high school dropouts

The class most shaped by education is the _____ class.

 

upper middle

Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others is called

 

status inconsistency.

In 2013, the highest-paid U.S. CEO received

 

$77 million.

If we use the analogy that some U.S. families have an income that could be represented by the height of Mount Everest, then the average American family has an income that is about _____ feet off the ground.

15

June was the president of her neighborhood association, which in that group afforded her a high

status

Homeless people are part of the

underclass

In his modification of Marx's model of social classes, Wright added

managers

In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.

 

downward social

_____ is material possessions.

Property

What percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of Americans?

 

35%

C. Wright Mills called the top people in U.S. corporations, the military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions the

 

power elite.

Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure?

 

They are less likely to be politically active.

It is likely painful to

move on the social ladder, either up or down.

_____ mobility is movement either up or down the social class ladder due more to changes in society than to the actions of individuals.

 

Structural

Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called

deferred gratification.

In tracking income in the United States from 1935 to 2013,

income inequality has increased since 1970.

Based on the histories of lottery winners, sudden wealth brings

 

a threat.

When it comes to prejudice,

 

we learn it from the people around us.

Julio had a strong sense of ethnic identity. Our ethnic identity is _____ by our group having smaller numbers in a society and being the object of discrimination.

heightened

Conflict theorists say that capitalists use the _____ to expand production during economic booms, and then lay off people during economic contractions.

 

reserve labor force

Which of the following statements about race is true?

 

Ashley Montagu, a physical anthropologist, classified people into forty racial groups.

As whites colonized the United States and expanded westward, what did most Native Americans die from?

Disease

When a group is absorbed into the mainstream culture, this is known as

assimilation

Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race

 

represents the essence of a person.

_____ exploits minority groups for economic gain.

Internal colonialism

There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans.

 

social class

A(n) _____ group is the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status.

dominant

Someone with an authoritarian personality tends to be

 

submissive to superiors.

In unintentional discrimination,

 

no one is aware of it.

Psychologist Eugene Hartley (1946) made up the names of three ethnic groups—Wallonians, Pireneans, and Danireans—and found that people who were prejudiced against Jews and Blacks

 

also hated the nonexistent Wallonians, Pireneans, and Danireans.

Native Americans today speak _____ different languages.

169

Broadly speaking, the highest percentage of the dominant group in the United States is found in the

North

In conflict theory, a(n) _____ is exploited by owners in order to weaken the bargaining power of workers.

 

split labor market

The United States government's relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of

 

direct population transfer.

Research on _____ has shown that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and relations improve when people of different racial–ethnic backgrounds interact frequently.

contact theory

WASP stands for

 

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

Built into society's institutions, _____ is negative treatment of a minority group.

 

institutional discrimination

The _____ prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.

incest taboo

Authority is held by males in a(n) _____ society.

patriarchal

The percentage of American children under 18 who live with both parents is

decreasing

In Native American families,

family life differs by social class.

Clarence's grandparents lived with him and his mom and dad in the same house, on the top floor. The family Clarence lived in was a(n)

 

extended family.

People in which of the following groups are likely to live the longest?

 

The married and stayed married

An astounding finding by sociologists is that _____ experience the negative effects of divorce.

grandchildren

Sexual relations between specified relatives, such as brothers and sisters or parents and children, is known as

incest

Which statement about same-sex marriage is true?

 

Native Americans had same-sex marriages already when Columbus arrived.

The state in the United States with the highest divorce rate is

Nevada

The average ages of first-time brides and grooms in the United States are

 

older than at any other time in U.S. history.

The racial–ethnic group in the United States with the lowest divorce rate is

 

Asian Americans.

When a social group does not think of children as being related to their mother's relatives, that group follows a(n) _____ system.

patrilineal

The major distinction between gay or lesbian families and heterosexual families is

discrimination

Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption make up a

family

Due to time pressures on parents, _____ has (have) become a parental substitute.

Uber

Children adjust better to divorce if

 

they have a second adult to count on for support.

A society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group is a(n)

matriarchy

The family in which a person grows up is a(n)

 

family of orientation.

_____ is a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife.

 

Polygyny

The sector model modified the concentric zone model by

 

placing sectors, like pie slices, that cut through the concentric zones.

What was Thomas Malthus's theorem?

 

Food supply grows arithmetically, but population grows geometrically.

The _____ model shows the impact of radial highways on the movement of people and services away from the central city to the outskirts.

peripheral

In stage one of the demographic transition,

 

the birth rate and death rate are more or less balanced.

The term alienation was coined by

 

Karl Marx.

_____ is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture.

Urbanization

The annual number of live births per 1,000 population is

 

the crude birth rate.

At around the time of the birth of Christ, there were about _____ people in the world.

 

300 million

"Growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration" is the

 

basic demographic equation.

Globally, where is the flow of migration?

 

From the Least Industrialized Nations to the industrialized countries

One reason that people in the Least Industrialized Nations have so many children is that

from a conflict perspective, men control women's reproductive choices.

The number of children that the average woman bears is known as

 

the fertility rate.

_____ refers to women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population.

 

Zero population growth

Urban renewal, which rehabilitates a rundown area, usually results in

 

displacement of the poor who are living there.

How many stages does the demographic transition—as in Europe—have?

Seven

The _____ is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.

 

crude death rate

According to the principle of diffusion of responsibility, the _____ bystanders to an incident that there are, the _____ likely people are to help.

 

fewer; more

_____ is a decision by a bank not to make loans in a particular area.

Redlining

The net migration rate is the

 

difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population.

In the process of _____, people move from cities to suburbs.

suburbanization

An example of discovery is

 

Columbus discovering North America.

Marx's model of historical change viewed a thesis plus an antithesis as resulting in a(n)

synthesis

_____ is one of the three processes of social change identified by William Ogburn.

Diffusion

The triadic division of the planet since World War II places the emphasis on _____ in Europe.

Germany

One-half of all of the Earth's plant and animal species live in

 

rain forests.

Postmodern society is the same as

 

a postindustrial society.

In traditional societies, material possessions were _____. In industrialized societies, material possessions are _____.

 

few; many

_____ is the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies.

Modernization

As the automobile pushed aside the former technology–horse and buggy–people thought that cars would

 

eliminate parking problems in cities, because a car took up only half as much space as a horse and buggy.

_____ is the term sociologists use for a traditional, small, rural society.

Gemeinschaft

_____ is the combining of existing elements and materials to form new ones.

Invention

What statement about energy shortage is true?

 

There is no shortage–abundant energy is available from the sun, tides, and wind.

The predator drone

 

strikes from thousands of feet above the ground.

Cyclical theories assume that civilizations are

 

like organisms.

The U.S. state with the largest number of the worst hazardous waste sites is

 

New Jersey.