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The total value of everything that someone owns, minus debts, is
wealth
Income and wealth are
often confused.
When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on
getting their children to follow rules and obey authority.
As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health?
worsens
Lee started as a bank teller and 15 years later ended up running the bank. This is an example of _____ mobility.
upward social
Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers.
working class
Most of the poor
are less educated
Most members of the working poor class
are high school dropouts
The class most shaped by education is the _____ class.
upper middle
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others is called
status inconsistency.
In 2013, the highest-paid U.S. CEO received
$77 million.
If we use the analogy that some U.S. families have an income that could be represented by the height of Mount Everest, then the average American family has an income that is about _____ feet off the ground.
15
June was the president of her neighborhood association, which in that group afforded her a high
status
Homeless people are part of the
underclass
In his modification of Marx's model of social classes, Wright added
managers
In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.
downward social
_____ is material possessions.
Property
What percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of Americans?
35%
C. Wright Mills called the top people in U.S. corporations, the military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions the
power elite.
Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure?
They are less likely to be politically active.
It is likely painful to
move on the social ladder, either up or down.
_____ mobility is movement either up or down the social class ladder due more to changes in society than to the actions of individuals.
Structural
Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called
deferred gratification.
In tracking income in the United States from 1935 to 2013,
income inequality has increased since 1970.
Based on the histories of lottery winners, sudden wealth brings
a threat.
When it comes to prejudice,
we learn it from the people around us.
Julio had a strong sense of ethnic identity. Our ethnic identity is _____ by our group having smaller numbers in a society and being the object of discrimination.
heightened
Conflict theorists say that capitalists use the _____ to expand production during economic booms, and then lay off people during economic contractions.
reserve labor force
Which of the following statements about race is true?
Ashley Montagu, a physical anthropologist, classified people into forty racial groups.
As whites colonized the United States and expanded westward, what did most Native Americans die from?
Disease
When a group is absorbed into the mainstream culture, this is known as
assimilation
Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race
represents the essence of a person.
_____ exploits minority groups for economic gain.
Internal colonialism
There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans.
social class
A(n) _____ group is the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status.
dominant
Someone with an authoritarian personality tends to be
submissive to superiors.
In unintentional discrimination,
no one is aware of it.
Psychologist Eugene Hartley (1946) made up the names of three ethnic groups—Wallonians, Pireneans, and Danireans—and found that people who were prejudiced against Jews and Blacks
also hated the nonexistent Wallonians, Pireneans, and Danireans.
Native Americans today speak _____ different languages.
169
Broadly speaking, the highest percentage of the dominant group in the United States is found in the
North
In conflict theory, a(n) _____ is exploited by owners in order to weaken the bargaining power of workers.
split labor market
The United States government's relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of
direct population transfer.
Research on _____ has shown that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and relations improve when people of different racial–ethnic backgrounds interact frequently.
contact theory
WASP stands for
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
Built into society's institutions, _____ is negative treatment of a minority group.
institutional discrimination
The _____ prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.
incest taboo
Authority is held by males in a(n) _____ society.
patriarchal
The percentage of American children under 18 who live with both parents is
decreasing
In Native American families,
family life differs by social class.
Clarence's grandparents lived with him and his mom and dad in the same house, on the top floor. The family Clarence lived in was a(n)
extended family.
People in which of the following groups are likely to live the longest?
The married and stayed married
An astounding finding by sociologists is that _____ experience the negative effects of divorce.
grandchildren
Sexual relations between specified relatives, such as brothers and sisters or parents and children, is known as
incest
Which statement about same-sex marriage is true?
Native Americans had same-sex marriages already when Columbus arrived.
The state in the United States with the highest divorce rate is
Nevada
The average ages of first-time brides and grooms in the United States are
older than at any other time in U.S. history.
The racial–ethnic group in the United States with the lowest divorce rate is
Asian Americans.
When a social group does not think of children as being related to their mother's relatives, that group follows a(n) _____ system.
patrilineal
The major distinction between gay or lesbian families and heterosexual families is
discrimination
Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption make up a
family
Due to time pressures on parents, _____ has (have) become a parental substitute.
Uber
Children adjust better to divorce if
they have a second adult to count on for support.
A society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group is a(n)
matriarchy
The family in which a person grows up is a(n)
family of orientation.
_____ is a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife.
Polygyny
The sector model modified the concentric zone model by
placing sectors, like pie slices, that cut through the concentric zones.
What was Thomas Malthus's theorem?
Food supply grows arithmetically, but population grows geometrically.
The _____ model shows the impact of radial highways on the movement of people and services away from the central city to the outskirts.
peripheral
In stage one of the demographic transition,
the birth rate and death rate are more or less balanced.
The term alienation was coined by
Karl Marx.
_____ is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture.
Urbanization
The annual number of live births per 1,000 population is
the crude birth rate.
At around the time of the birth of Christ, there were about _____ people in the world.
300 million
"Growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration" is the
basic demographic equation.
Globally, where is the flow of migration?
From the Least Industrialized Nations to the industrialized countries
One reason that people in the Least Industrialized Nations have so many children is that
from a conflict perspective, men control women's reproductive choices.
The number of children that the average woman bears is known as
the fertility rate.
_____ refers to women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population.
Zero population growth
Urban renewal, which rehabilitates a rundown area, usually results in
displacement of the poor who are living there.
How many stages does the demographic transition—as in Europe—have?
Seven
The _____ is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.
crude death rate
According to the principle of diffusion of responsibility, the _____ bystanders to an incident that there are, the _____ likely people are to help.
fewer; more
_____ is a decision by a bank not to make loans in a particular area.
Redlining
The net migration rate is the
difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population.
In the process of _____, people move from cities to suburbs.
suburbanization
An example of discovery is
Columbus discovering North America.
Marx's model of historical change viewed a thesis plus an antithesis as resulting in a(n)
synthesis
_____ is one of the three processes of social change identified by William Ogburn.
Diffusion
The triadic division of the planet since World War II places the emphasis on _____ in Europe.
Germany
One-half of all of the Earth's plant and animal species live in
rain forests.
Postmodern society is the same as
a postindustrial society.
In traditional societies, material possessions were _____. In industrialized societies, material possessions are _____.
few; many
_____ is the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies.
Modernization
As the automobile pushed aside the former technology–horse and buggy–people thought that cars would
eliminate parking problems in cities, because a car took up only half as much space as a horse and buggy.
_____ is the term sociologists use for a traditional, small, rural society.
Gemeinschaft
_____ is the combining of existing elements and materials to form new ones.
Invention
What statement about energy shortage is true?
There is no shortage–abundant energy is available from the sun, tides, and wind.
The predator drone
strikes from thousands of feet above the ground.
Cyclical theories assume that civilizations are
like organisms.
The U.S. state with the largest number of the worst hazardous waste sites is
New Jersey.