CHEM 1010 – Principles of Chemistry Unit 2: Bonding in Chemistry

This collection of flashcards covers key concepts from the Principles of Chemistry focusing on ionic compounds and bonding.

What is the Octet Rule?

Main-group elements tend to gain or lose electrons to obtain the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas, aiming for 8 electrons in their valence shell.

What are cations and anions?

Cations are positively charged ions formed when elements lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when elements gain electrons.

How do alkali metals react to form ions?

Alkali metals react to form +1 ions.

What charge do alkaline earth metals typically form?

Alkaline earth metals typically form +2 ions.

What type of ions do halogens form?

Halogens form ions with a 1- charge.

What makes noble gases unique in terms of ion formation?

Noble gases are unreactive and do not form ions.

What is the significance of valence electrons in ion formation?

Valence electrons determine how many electrons an element will gain or lose to achieve stability.

What happens to nonmetals in terms of electrons?

Nonmetals tend to gain electrons, forming anions.

What happens to metals in terms of electrons?

Metals tend to lose electrons, forming cations.

What is represented by electron dot symbols?

Electron dot symbols represent how many valence electrons are present in an atom.

What are the two ionic forms of hydrogen?

The two ionic forms of hydrogen are the proton (H+) and hydride (H-).

What is ionic bonding?

Ionic bonding occurs when one atom (typically a metal) donates electrons to another atom (typically a nonmetal or metalloid). Each atom reaches its octet, and the resulting oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other, forming an ionic compound with an overall charge of zero.

What is a binary ionic compound?

A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound made up of only two different types of atoms (e.g., NaCl, MgCl\text{_}2).

What are the steps to determine an ionic formula?

1. Determine the charge state of the ions involved. 2. Determine the number of cations and anions needed to give a neutral compound (often by cross-multiplying and simplifying charges). 3. Double-check that the overall charge of the compound is zero.

Explain the electron-dot symbol for cations in an ionic bond.

For cations, the electron-dot symbol is typically shown as empty, indicating the loss of their valence electrons (e.g., Mg\text{_}2+).

What is the 'duet rule'?

The 'duet rule' is similar to the octet rule but specifically applies to the first electron shell, which can only hold two electrons to achieve stability.

What does it mean for atoms or ions to be isoelectronic?

Atoms or ions are considered isoelectronic if they have the same total number of electrons (e.g., Na+, Mg22+, Al33+, N33-, O22-, F-, and Ne all have 10 electrons).

How do transition metals typically form ions?

Transition metals typically form ions with variable charges.

What defines an Arrhenius acid?

An Arrhenius acid is a compound containing H+H+ that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of H+H+ ions.

What defines an Arrhenius base?

An Arrhenius base is a compound containing OH−OH− or O2−O2− that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of OH−OH− ions.

How are salts defined in relation to Arrhenius acids and bases?

Salts are ionic compounds that do not contain H+H+ (from acids) or OH−/O2−OH−/O2− (from bases).

Name some strong Arrhenius acids.

- HCl (Hydrochloric acid)

• HBr (Hydrobromic acid)

• HI (Hydroiodic acid)

• HNO3HNO3​ (Nitric acid)

• H2SO4H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)

Name some strong Arrhenius bases.

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH

Describe the structure of ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces between cations and anions. They form a continuous 3-D network or crystal lattice, rather than discrete molecules, with each atom having multiple neighbors.

What are the key properties of ionic compounds?

1. High melting and boiling points: Due to strong electrostatic forces in the network.

2. Hard and brittle: Characteristics of their solid crystal structure.

3. Electrical insulators as solids: Ions are fixed in the lattice and cannot move freely.

4. Conduct electricity when dissolved or melted: Ions become mobile and act as electrolytes.

What are polyatomic ions?

Polyatomic ions are ions made up of multiple covalently-bonded atoms that collectively carry an overall net charge and behave as a single unit in chemical reactions.

How are simple cations named?

For main-group elements, the cation is named by taking the element name and adding the term "ion" (e.g., Sodium ion from Na+).

How are transition metal cations named?

The name includes the element name, followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicate the charge state, and then the term "ion" (e.g., Iron(III) ion for Fe3+Fe3+).

How are anions named?

The ending of the element name is replaced with "-ide" and followed by the term "ion" (e.g., Chloride ion from Cl−Cl−, Oxide ion from O2−O2−).

How are binary ionic compounds named?

The term "ion" is dropped from both the cation and anion names, and the cation name is placed first, followed by the anion name (e.g., Sodium Chloride for NaCl).

What is the chemical formula and charge for the Sulfite ion?

SO3 with a 2- charge

What is the chemical formula and charge for the Sulfate ion?

SO4 with a 2- charge 

What is the name of the anion formed from the element Phosphorus?

Phosphide ion

What is the name of the anion formed from the element Oxygen?

Oxide ion

What is the name of the anion formed from the element Bromine?

Bromide ion

Provide the chemical formula for a compound formed from magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

MgCl₂​

What is the name of the ionic compound FeCl₃

ron(III) Chloride

How do you determine the charge of the iron ion in FeCl₃?

Chloride (ClCl) typically has a 1- charge. Since there are three chloride ions (3×(1−)=3−3×(1−)=3−), the iron (FeFe) ion must have a 3+ charge to balance the compound to neutral.

What is the chemical formula for Iron(III) Chloride?

Iron(III) indicates an Fe³⁺ ion, and Chloride indicates a Cl⁻ ion. To achieve a neutral compound, one Fe³⁺ ion combines with three Cl⁻ ions, resulting in the formula FeCl₃