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technology that allows individuals to communicate efficiently with a large group and over distances is called what
news media
in political science we are concerned with what, because it informs who
info media and citizens
candidates control the content of the message is what kind of media
controlled media
positive ads are what 2 things
self praise and acclaim
negative ads are what 2 things
criticism of opponent and attack
contrast ads have positive for who and negative for who
you and opponent
defense ads are what
responses to attacks
what kind of ad is the least common
defense ad
when was the first political ad ran and what kind of ad, and who was it about
1952, negative ad, Eisenhower
Daisy girl started what kind of ads and began because of what
attack ads and nuclear war ad
candidates run attack ads out of fear in what kind of elections
close elections
what does a candidate do if an attack ad is ran against them
run a counterattack one about same subject
example of counter attack ad ran
Clinton red phone ad
what did the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 do- many things but it established the rule that candidates had to what their ads
approve/ take ownership
candidates have less control over the content is what kind of media
uncontrolled media
started in 1960 with Nixon V. Kennedy was the first what
debate
what are three characteristics of media coverage in politics (3)
issueless, negative, and style over substance
where the media reports both sides uncritically despite one side’s position being nonsensical or untruthful is what characteristic of media coverage
bothsideism
the media’s responsibility to protect the people from corrupt officials by exposing any officials who violate standards is what kind of function of the media (IMPORTANT)
watchdog function
the press should provide a channel to political leaders can communicate with the public is what kind of function of the media (IMPORTANT)
common-carrier function
news reported with no executive language (IMPORTANT)
objective journalism
what is an example of signaling functions- (IMPORTANT)
on the scene of a natural disaster
framing is the process by which a news organization what a political issue and consequently affects what about the issue
defines and opinion
agenda setting is the power of the media to bring what to particular issues and problems
public attention
what is the most watched new network by conservatives
Fox News
Congress is what than the President
less popular
Congress is bicameral for 2 reasons- the first reason is what
Practical- The Great Compromise
Congress is bicameral for 2 reasons- what is the second reason
Philosophical- decentralized power
The House of Representatives 2 characteristics
2 year term and based on state population
The Senate 2 characteristics
6 year term and based on equal representation
the House and the Senate are both what
staggered
Congress is organized along what lines
party lines
Power in Congress is spread out among what 3 things
leaders, committees, and staff
The Democrats control what and the Republicans controls what
Senate and House
Congressional power is what
decentralized
who is the speaker of the House
Kevin McCarthy
Who are the Senates Majority and Minority leaders
Majority- Chuck Schumer
Minority- Mitch Mcconel
Who is the president of the Senate
VP Harris
what are the 4 types of committees
standing, select, joint, conference
a permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area is what kind of committee
standing committee
temp committee to bargain over the differences in the House and Senate version of a bill is what kind of committee
conference committee
how does a bill become a law- what 4 steps are taken- Step 1-
bill is introduced
how does a bill become a law- Step 2-
goes to the commitee/subcommitee
how does a bill become a law- Step 3-
goes to floor of chamber
how does a bill become a law- Step 4
goes to the president, can veto, pocket veto, or approve
ceremonial appearances, town hall meetings, and speeches are examples of what
representing
elected representatives whose obligation is to act in accordance with the expressed wishes of the people he/she represents is what kind of person
delegates
elected representatives whose obligation is to act in accordance with him.her own conscience as to what policies best for the public is what kind of person
trustees
congressional elections have 2 important regularities the first one is- who rarely loss when they run
incumbents
congressional elections have 2 important regularities the second one is- president party gains seats in the what election and loses them in what election
presidential and midterm
the average loss in a presidential midterm election is what
16
president’s party loses seats in the midterm- when did this not happen recently, and who picked up seats, how many seats were picked up, and who maintained control
2022, Republicans picked up 9 and Democrats picked up 1 to keep control
surge and decline theory, referendum theory, and balance theory are used to explain what
midterm loss
what years has the president’s party not lost midterm seats in the midterm election
1998 and 2002
process of redrawing legislature boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power is called what
gerrymandering
what candidate does PAC money go to
incumbants
where is most legislative work of Congress done
committees
spending whose tangible benefits are targetted at a particular legislator constituency is what kind of spending
pork barrel spending
activity of Congress that is its responsibility to see that the executive branch carries out the laws faithfully is what function
oversight function
reallocating representation based on population after every census is what
reappointing
trading of voters by members of Congress so each gets their favored legislation (IMPORTANT)
log rolling
what are the 2 formal powers the President has
converge congress and make treaties
what branch can declare war
congress
derive from the fact that the US is a soverign power among nations is what kind of power
inherent powers
powers of the national government that can be inferred from those powers delegated to it in the constitution is hat kind of power
implied powers
what 2 ways in the expansion of the presidential powers done
stretching the formal powers and power to persuade
who is the president trying to persuade (3 things)
congress, bureaucracy, people
what are the 2 routes the president uses to persuade people
direct or retail
indirect or wholesale
what lets incoming presidents staff the bureaucracy with loyal people
patronage
presidency was a limited or restrained office whose occupant was confined to expressly granted constitutional authority is what theory
the Whig theory
grants all of the states electoral votes to the candidates who gets the most of the popular vote in the states is what
unit rule
fireman first principle- the tactic of making cuts in a department’s personnel or service which will cause the greatest pain to the what in order for the public to demand what 2 things
public, increase or restore funding
slot inflation- once positions in Government are created, they are almost what
impossible to get rid of
what 3 things to bureaucrats do
implementation, rule making, and administrative adjudication
usually takes the form of regulations- imposition of restrictions on the activity of market participation is what
rule making
maintain competition, to police natural monopolies, and to reduce externalities are why we have what
regulation
Congress sets up an agency in the first place, Congress passes a new law of modifies an existing one, agencies go off on their own accord is when what occurs
rule making
what policies are federal regulatory agencies responsible for (IMPORTANT)
protect the public from unreasonable risks
staffed by people based on their ability and work fairly on behalf of all citizens is ewhat
neutral competence
insiders who report illegal or unethical behavior is what
whistleblowers
what collectively forms the President’s cabinet
federal department
the specific interest groups that benefit directly from a bureaucratic agency’s programs is what group
clientele groups
okay with government involvement on economic issues, not on social issues
liberal
Okay with government on social issues, not on economic issues
conservatives
okay with government involvement on both social and economic issues
populist
\n NOT okay with government involvement in both social and economic issues
libertarian
Note 
Flashcard (62)