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alveolar ventialtion
movement of air into lungs and removal of co2
perfusion
distribution of blood flow
collapse of alveoli
atelectasis; lack of surfactant
compliance equation
change of volume over change in pressure
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FEV1/FVC low
obstructive disease (can’t relax)
FEV1/FVC ~normal
restrictive disease (can’t expand)
hypoventilation (bradypnea) leads to
hypercapnea (high co2)—acidosis
hyperventilation (tachypnea) leads to
hypocapnea (low co2)—alkalosis
clubbing cause
chronic lung disease; emphysema, chronic bronchitis
hypoxemia
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood caused by respiratory alterations
hypoxia
reduced oxygenation at the tissue cellular level (could be perfusion, not always lung problem)
low V/Q
(ventilation/perfusion)
impaired ventilation
very low V/Q (shunt)
blocked ventilation
high V/Q
no bloodflow (alveoli dead space—0 perfusion)
obstructive breath sounds
dyspnea and wheezing
common obstructive disorders
asthma
COPD
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
in asthma, alpha 1 receptors cause
bronchioles to constrict
histamine causes
edema of bronchiolar wall
beta-2 receptor causes
bronchioles to relax
beta-2 agonists
fast-acting inhaler medicine for asthmatics
oral or inhaled
relief in bronchiospasm of bronchi and bronchioles and prevents excercise induced bronchiospasm
aka albuterol
long acting agonists treat COPD
ADVERSE
mimic SNS so tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, angina
INTERACTIONS
beta blockers reduce effectiveness
MAOIs and triclyic antideoresseants/ antidiabetic drugs require inc. doage bc beta agonists cause hyperglycemia
3 asthma attack steps
sm. muscle constriction
edema of walls by histamine
inc. mucuous secretion
diagnosis when
FEV1 inc by >12% or >200ml after administration of a short acting beta agonist (SABA)
intermittent asthma
symptoms <2x a week, SABA only
mild persistent asthma
symptoms >2x a week but not everyday, ICS (low dose inhaled corticosteroid)
moderate persistent asthma
symptoms daily, ICS + LABA
peak flow meter
cues for resp. problems are subjective
peak flow meter provides objective diagnostic finding of how bad the asthmatic’s breathing is
peak flow meter green zone
80~100% of normal peak flow
peak flow meter yellow zone
50~80% of normal peak flow
peak flow meter red zone
less than 50% of normal peak flow
medical alert
four types of inhalation drug therapy
metered-dose inhalers (MDI)
respimats
dry-powder inhalers (DPI)
nebulizers
2 types of asthmatic drugs
anti-inflammatory agents
bronchodilators
anti-inflammatory agents drugs
glucocorticoids (prednisone)—long term
significant ability to suppress immune system and decrease inflammation so good for long term chronic asthma
dec. leukotrines, prostaglandins, histamine which mediate inflammation
dec. edema of airways
bronchodilators
beta-2 agonists (albuterol)—acute
inhaled vs oral/IV glucocorticoid
inhaled glucocorticoids ( beclomethasone/ QVAR) are very effective and much safer
use spacer
nasal = fluticasone
oral glucocorticoids (flovent) for short term management of post exacerbation symptoms
long term IV/oral glucocorticoids adverse effects
hyperglycemia - monitor diabetes (cataract, glaucoma)
adrenal suppression
don’t give if has sytemeic fungal infection
don’t give if on non-sparing diuertics bc will give hypokalemia
osteoporosis
peptic ulcer (C/I)
alter blood sugar regulation and sodium retention is SE of glucosteriods, preexisting conditions worsen during admin
adrenal suppression
prolonged glucocorticoid use can dec. ability of adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids of its own
reccomed lowest amount possible
alternate day dosing - helps minimize bone mineralization muscle wasting and risk for GI bleeding
oral/IV use of glucocorticoids when
moderate to severe asthmatics
acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD
discontinuing glucocorticoids must be done
slowly
times of stress during discontinuing glucocorticoids
give oral/IV glucocorticoids
leukotriene receptor antagonists drugs (anti-inflamm)
zileuton [zyflo] - direct leukotrine inhibitor
zafirlukast [accolate]
montelukast [singulair]
above two: prevent activation of leukotrines
normally prescribed in adjunctive therapy to dec. bronchospasm and inflammation
zylo & accolate = liver damage
leukotriene adverse effects
depression, suicidal thinking, suicidal behavior
montelukast use
prophylaxis and treatment of asthma
prevention of EIB
relief of allergic rhinitis
cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer)
not for acute, for prophylaxis
anti-inflamm. prevent leuko and histo release; keep WBC from stimulating inflamm response
reduce long-term allergy-related asthma, bronchospasm, mild-moderate asthma
give w nebulizer
use
chronic asthma
EIB
allergic rhinitis
bronchodilators
provide symptomatic relief but does not alter underlying disease process
patients taking bronchodilators will take glucocorticoids as well
beta-2 adrenergic agonists
bronchodilators drugs
albuterol, levalbuterol
LABA drugs
samleterol, formoterol, aformoterol (inhaled)
albuterol, terbutaline (oral)
inhaled bronchodilators adverse effects
tachycardia, angina, tremor
oral bronchodilators adverse effects
angina pectoris, tachydysrhythmias, tremor
LABAS contraindications
using alone in asthma (always use with glucocorticoids)
anticholinergic drugs
ipratropium (atrovent)
inhaler or nebulizer, wait 5 min after other drugs
relieves bronchospasm and reduces secretions in clients who have COPD
inhibit acetylcholine (actyl causes vasoconstriction of bronchi)
ADR
local - dry mouth and pharyngeal irritation, inc. ocular pressure if have glaucoma (give them water and candy to ease) (C/I w glaucoma)
headache, dizziness, blurred vision, epistaxis
enhance beta2 agonist effect
SABA can cause
inc. heart rate and nervousness
ICS is for
maintenance, not for acute
status asthmaticus
interventions do not help airway
rinse mouth after
steroid (glucocorticoid)