#13: Animal Electrical Signaling

In the _____________, information flows from dendrites to the axon.

neuron structure

_________ convert chemical signals to electrical signals

Dendrites

In the _____________, information flows from dendrites to the axon.

neuron structure

_________ convert chemical signals to electrical signals

Dendrites

___________ integrates incoming electrical signals.

Cell body

_____ conducts electrical signals.

Axon

The ____________ is the electrical charge difference across a neuron’s membrane when it is not transmitting signals.

resting potential

On the inside of the neuron, there are high levels of __________ and negatively charged _______.

potassium; proteins

On the outside of a neuron, there are high levels of _______ with some _________.

sodium +; chlrorine -

The ________ pump ensures the highest concentrations of potassium are inside the cell.

sodium and potassium

A __________ allows potassium ions to leak along their concentration gradient from inside to outside.

leaky potassium pump

During the ______________ phase, the Na+ channels open causing the membrane potential to rise from the resting potential of -65 mV to the threshold potential of -55 mV, eventually reaching +40mV.

depolarization

After the peak, _____________ occurs when Na+ channels have closed and K+ channels open, causing the membrane potential to drop back down to it’s original potential.

repolarization

After repolarization, ____________ occurs when the membrane potential drops down to -75 mV before going back to -65 mV.

hyperpolarization

Why is action potential is described as “all or nothing”?

when -55mV is reached, specific ion channels open leading to the rapid action potential phases

______________ plays a crucial role in determining if a neuron has reached its action potential.

Summation

___________ is the process that allows action potentials to jump from one node to the other along an axon.

Saltatory conduction

Saltatory conduction occurs in the presence of __________, which are from from Schwann cells.

myelin sheaths

Action potential triggers the release of _______________.

neurotransmitters

_________ neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

Excitatory

__________ neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of action potential.

Inhibitory

__________ transmitters can modify the response of the postsynaptic cell to other inputs.

Modulatory

The ________ nervous system is fight or flight.

sympathetic

The ______________ nervous system is rest and digest.

parasympathetic