Issac Newton (1642-1727)

What institution did Newton attend for his education?

Cambridge University

What was Newton's approach to his ideas and experiments?

He wanted to be very secretive and was not open to criticism.

What are the three areas of expertise that Newton focused on?

Optics, Mathematics, and Gravity.

What was Descartes' view of light that Newton argued against?

Descartes argued that light was white, but Newton believed speed impacted color.

What did Newton prove through his dual-prism experiment?

That light is made of color.

What significant mathematical concept did Newton invent?

Differential calculus.

What is the theory formulated by Newton that relates to gravitational relationships?

The Theory of Universal Gravitation.

What major work did Newton publish in 1687?

Principia Mathematica.

What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

A body remains at rest unless acted on by an opposing force.

What does Newton's Second Law of Motion state?

Acceleration is related to the force applied and the body's mass.

What is the Third Law of Motion?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What was the goal of alchemy?

To transform ordinary materials into gold.

What was the theological stance of Newton on the Doctrine of the Trinity?

He did not believe in the Doctrine of the Trinity.

Who was John Locke in relation to the English Civil Wars?

He worked in the Restoration of Monarchy.

What was John Locke's view on human nature?

More optimistic than Hobbes, believing in total freedom of equality.

What do Locke's ideas suggest about the necessity of government?

He believed there was no need for government at first, and that it became necessary to fix disputes.

What is the concept of the Social Contract according to Locke?

A contractual agreement where people come together to form government, giving some rights to it.

What does Conditional Government mean in Locke's theory?

Governments have limitations and can be dissolved if they exceed the will of the people.

How did Locke contrast with Hobbes regarding human nature?

Locke's view was more optimistic, seeing humans as rational and equal.

What are the 'Law of Nature' rights as defined by Locke?

Life, Liberty, and Property.