Chapter 4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solutions | Definition

solution

a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

solute

the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)

solvent

the substance present in the larger amount

nonelectrolyte

a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

electrolyte

a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte

weak electrolyte

strong electrolyte

A reversible reaction

The reaction can occur in both directions.

Hydration

the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.

Precipitate

insoluble solid that separates from solution

Solubility

the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

Properties of Bases

bitter taste + slippery + soaps contain + Cause color changes in plant dyes + Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

Properties of Acids

sour taste + React with certain metals = h2 + React with carbonates and bicarbonates = co2

Free elements have an oxidation number of zero

In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion.

Group IA metals

+1

IIA metals

+2

fluorine

-1

Combination Reaction

Decomposition Reaction

Combustion Reaction

Displacement Reaction

Disproportionation Reaction

The concentration of a solution

the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

Formula of molarity

M=n/v

Dilution

the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Formula of Dilution

n before dilution = n after dilution

titration

a solution of accurately known concentration is gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete.

Equivalence point

the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator

substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point

Acid-base reactions

Redox reactions