Exam 1 Physiology

Anatomy

structure of the body (what it’s made of)

Physiology

the function of the body (how it works)

Structure Function

Villi in the intestine are used for absorption, tongue used to talk and taste

Functional Advantage

The shape (structure) of a protein determines its function

Levels of Organizations

Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Body Systems, Organism

Chemical

atoms: smallest building blocks of matter

Cellular

basic units of life capable of carving out processes

Tissues

groups of cells with similar structure and function

Organ

2 or more tissue types that perform specialized functions

Body System

collection of related organs (11)

Organisms

body systems in a functional organism 

Chemical Example

phospholipid in the membrane that encloses a cell

Cellular Example

an epithelial cell in the stomach lining

Tissue Level Example

Layers of tissue in the stomach wall

Organ

The stomach

Body Systems

Digestive System

Organism

The whole body

Basic Cell Function

\*Obtain nutrients and O2 from the environment surrounding the cell 

\*Perform chemical reactions that use nutrients & O2 to provide energy for the cells 

\*Eliminate CO2 and other by-products/waste 

\*Synthesize proteins, and other components needed for cell structure, function, or growth 

\*Control the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment 

\*Move materials internally or move the whole cell 

\*Sense and respond to changes in the environment 

\*Most cells reproduce 

Primary Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Epithelial

\-specialized cells for the exchange of materials 

\-Covers, lines, and secrets 

\-Lines skin, respiratory and digestive tracts 

Connective

\-connects, supports, and or anchors body parts 

\-Most diverse 

\-Ex: bone, blood, tendons 

Muscular

\-specialized cells for contraction which cardiac movement 

\-Skeletal, cardiac, smooth 

Nervous

\-specialized cells for initiating and transmitting 

\-Ex: nerves 

Organ System and Major Components

\-Nervous

\-Digestive

\-Circulatory

\-Respiratory

\-Muscular

\-Skeletal

\-Integumentary

\-Urinary

Endocrine

\-Reproductive

Intracellular Fluid

fluid inside the cell; contains 65% of total body water

Extracellular Fluid

area outside the cell

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid found in the spaces around cells

Plasma

liquid portion of blood

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. Essential for the survival of each cell.  

Example of Homeostasis

Blood Pressure, Temp, pH

Intrinsic Control

\-local control 

\-Built in or inherit within an organ

Example of Intrinsic Control

O2 used up at a high rate à Oz concentration falls -> local chemical change causes smooth muscles of blood vessel walls to dilate à more blood flow = more O2 delivered

Extrinsic Control

\-systemic control 

\-Initiated outside an organ to regulate the activity of an organ 

\-Can regulate multiple organs at once 

\-Nervous system via impulses 

\-Endocrine system via hormones 

Example of Extrinsic Control

drop in bp à nervous system acts upon heart à arterioles to increase BP 

Stimulus

Is an event that happens to us

Response

is our reaction or action toward that event

Negative Feedback

\-restore a detected change back to the desired range  

\-The variable is moved in the opposite direction of where it was heading= reversal 

Negative Feedback Example

almost all homeostatic controlled factors (body temperature)

Positive Feedback

\-amplifies or increases a detected charge until the endpoint is reached 

\-Variable moves in the same direction 

Positive Feedback Example

Childbirth, blood clotting

Feed Forward Feedback

initiates a response in anticipation of a change 

Feed-Forward Mechanism

food digested in the GI tract causes secretion of insulin → Insulin in the bloodstream waits for glucose that’s about to be in the bloodstream from food → limits rise of blood glucose 

Sensor

detect change & send info to integrating center

Integrating Center

assess change around a set point & sends instructions to effector

Effector

makes appropriate adjustments to counter the change from set point 

Atom

\-the smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical element  

\-Has a nucleus 

Protons

positive charge, located in nucleus

Neutrons

no charge, located in nucleus

Electron

negative charge, located in electron cloud

Valance Electron

those in outermost shell and are involved in chemical bonds 

Atomic #

\# of protons and # of electrons

Molecules

composed of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded

Compound

composed of more than 1 type of atom chemically bonded

Polar Molecule

unequal sharing of e- between different types of atoms covalently bonded together

Ion

charged atoms; either lost or gained an electron

Electrolyte

any solute that forms ions when dissolved in water AND that resulting solutions conducts electricity

Ionic Bonds

\-Transfer of electrons

\-Most dissociate when dissolved in water

\-Opposites attract

\-Dissociate, fall apart, dissolve → ionize in water

Covalent Bond

\-Sharing of electrons

\-e- pulled more toward 1 atom causing a partial charge

\-O, N, P pull strongly

\-Highly electronegatively

\-Hydrophilic

Hydrogen Bond

\-when the + hydrogen end of a molecules is attracted to the – end of another point molecule 

\-Weak attraction between molecules 

\-Partial charges make water universal solvent 

Polar Covalent

Unequal sharing

Polar Covalent Example

Glucose, amino acid

Nonpolar Covalent

Equal sharing

Nonpolar Covalent Example

CO2, Lipids, Fats

Cation

Positive charge, loses e-

Anion

Negative Charge, gains an e-

Components of a chemical reaction

Reactants → Products

Enzyme

speeds up chemical reactions without being used up

Solute

what is dissolved?

Solute Example

Electrolytes, glucose

Solvent

Doing the dissolving

Solvent Example

Most commonly water

Solutions

Solvent and Solute

Solutions Example

Extracellular fluid

Soluble

Dissolves in

Hydrophobic

Does not like water

Hydrophilic

Does like water

Hydrophilic Example

O2, lipids, fats

Hydrophobic Examples

Glucose

Adhesion

water molecules are attracted to other molecules

Adhesion Examples

watery solutions on lungs “glues” lungs to thoracic walls

Cohesion

water molecules are attracted to each other

Cohesion Examples

Prevents blood from separating

Physiological important properties of water 

\-Polar

\-Universal Solvent

\-Adhesive

\-Cohesive

Water polarity

Partial charges allow for hydrogen bonds to form with other molecules, making those molecules dissolve in water

Acid

Gives up H+

Base

Takes in H+

pH scale

0-14

Acidic

0-6.9

Neutral

7

Alkaline

7\.1-14

Acidosis

pH

Alkalosis

pH >7.45

Inverse

The lower the number the more H+

Logarithmic

The difference of 1 pH is a difference of 10

Increases in H+

CO2 + H20

Drive the reaction to the left to tie up excess H+

Decrease in H+

CO2 + H20

Drive the reaction to the right to release more H+

Organic Molecules

Those containing carbon

Biomolecules

Essential to life

Organic Molecules Example

Carbs, lipids, fats, and proteins

Inorganic

All other molecules