BIOL 1040- Exam 3 final review

What Thermoregulation strategy does humans use

Endotherms

What thermoregulation is described when a lizard recieves heat when warm air blows over the Lizard

Convection

When travelling to a hot place your circulatory system ———- and —- to componsate for the high heat

Causes your blood vessels to dialate and move closer to the surface of your body and sweat to have evaproation increasing heat loss

Which nitrogen waste is for humans

Urea, PH of 6-7.5

What are the four key processes in the urinary system in order

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

4. Excretion

Where does filtration take place in the urinary system

Bowmans capsule

Common Diuretics

coffee and beer

Advantages of asexual reproductive

1. Faster

2. Good for stable envoirments

How long does it take for sperm to mature

2.5-3 months

How does a sea urchin fertilize

1. Sperm cell contacts jelly coating & acrosome releases enzymes

2. Acrosomal enzymes digest a hole in jelly coating allowing penetration of sperm cell

3. Species specific proteins on sperm cell bind to species specific receptor proteins on the egg

4. Sperm and egg cell plasma membrane fuse allowing sperm nucleaus to enter egg

5. Egg cell plasma membrane becomes impenetrable to other sperm cells

6. Viteillinary layer hardens and separates from plasma membrane becoming impenetrable

7. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse

What three things happen during Gatrsulation

1. Specialization of cells into three layers

2. Differential cell division and growth

3. Infolding and cell migration

Homeotic genes

Decide where the head, thorax and abdomen will be located in the organism

What is first formed after gastrulation

Organs

Which trimester of pregnancy is most important in forming in the organism correctly

First

Stages of labor in order

1. Dilation of the cervix

2. Expulsion of the baby

3. Delivery of the placenta

Describe the two main types of immunity

Innate immunity is non-specific, genetic or natural immunity

Adaptive immunity is specific acquired immunity

What is the 1st line of defense in innate immunity

Skin and muscous membranes

Which of the hormones lowers blood pressure

Atrial Natriuretic hormone

3 steps of the inflammatory response

1. Tissue injury allows entry microbes

2. Capillaries dilate, become leaky, allow fluids into tissue

3. Neutrophils & Macrophages phagocytize microbes & damaged cells, blood clot forms

How can adaptive immunity be required

Exposure to actual disease

where do B and T cells orginate

Bone marrow from stem cells

How does the structure of an antibody fit its function

1. The structure looks like a capital Y

2. The ends of the two top portions of the Y shape are highly variable and can attach to a specific epitope on an antigen

Stages of allergies in humans

1. Allergen first enters the bloodstream

2. Virgin B cells are recruited

3. B cells develop into plasma cells that release antibodies

4. Antibodies attach to mast cells

5. Allergen enters the body a second time & binds to antibodies on mast cells

6. B cells develop into plasma cells that release antibodies

Main function of nervous system in order

1. Sensory Neurons

2. Inter-nerouns

3. Motor neurons

Four steps of the reflex arch in the proper order

1. Sensory recept detects stretch stimulus

2. Sensory neuron send impulse to the CNS

3. Internerouns in the CNS integrate the signal

4. Impulse is transfered from the CNS to the effctor motor neurons causing the knee jerk reflex arc

Nerve function depends on

Charge difference across neuron membranes

Why does the soidum potassium pump require ATP

Because it is pumping the sodium and potassium across the membrane against the concentration gradient

What voltage does the confirmed action potentials range from

30 - 50 mV

What happens when someone gets botulism

The chemical acetylcholine is prevented from being released across the synaptic cleft, thus, causing the muscles to remain relaxed

Two divisions in the nervous system

Parasympathetic - Rest and digest

Sympathetic - Fight or flight

What is the longest, strongest bone in huamns

Femur

Why are bones said to be compelx living organs

Bones are constantly remodeling and producing stem cells in marrow throughout a lifetime

What kind of lever is the calf muscle

2nd class

What kind of lever is Triceps

1st class

What kind of lever is Biceps

3rd class

The radius can rotate around the elbow what type of joint is this

Pivot joint

What kind of joint is the shoulder

ball and socket joint

What kind of model describes a muscle contracting

Sliding filament model

In skeleton muscles what ion is involved in the depolozaration of T tubules from the endoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ ions

What causes Kidney stones

The crysalized precipitates of calcium oxlate, uric acid or cystine that form in the ducts of the kidney and blocks normal kidney function

What kind of feedback system is thermoregulation

Negative

How does kidney dialysis work

Current counter exchange

Freshwater fish live in what kind of envoirment

Hypotonic water

Gain water by osmosis

Saltwater fish live in what kind of envoirment

Hypertonic water

Lose water by omosis

Primary spermatocyte

Diploid; in prophase of meisosis I

Secondary spermatocyte

Haploid

Are sperm cells haploid or diploid

haploid

Significance of Phosphate for the Na/K+ pump

Phosphate has 4 high energy electrons

Charges outside and inside of the neuron membrane

Outside = postive *Na+

Inside = Negative K+

Charge for threshold

-50mV

Resting potentional for nerve function

-70mV

What does the Humoiral immune response do

Release B cells

What does the cell-mediated immune response do

Release T cells

3 functions of complement proteins

1. Enhance inflammation

2. Help target cells for destruction

3. Form membrane attack complexes

4 ways that antibodies mark antigens for elimination

1. Neutralization

2. Aggulination

3. Precipitation

4. Activation of the complement system

What kind of skeleton does a plant have

Hydrostatic skeleton

Osteigenic cells

Bone-forming cells

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for bone formation

OSteocyte

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoclast

Bone-resorbing cells

Bone connected to bone is held together by

Ligament

Bone connected to muscle is held together by

Tendons

Hip joint is what kind of joint

Ball and Sockt joint

Knee joint is what kind of joint

Hinge joint