EXAM 3 COHN BIOL TAMU 319 SPRING 2025

how do the de-swell the vertebral disc

if there is swelling of the disc they will take you and do a procedure where they insert a needle/syringe close to the annulus fibrosus and the needle is loaded with cortisol supressing the immune system

is heigh genetic?

yes you are usually around the heigh of your parents

-girls will be on average mothers height

-boys will be on average guys height

a number of genes have to do with height? TOF

true

what does polygenic mean?

many genes

is there a bell shaped curve with height?

yes!

what is the average guys height?

5'9

average height for females is smaller or taller than guys?

smaller

does the presence of testosterone cause you to be taller?

yes!

calcium and phosphate supply are necessary in growing bone do you need to have a good supply of this in your

diet

why is protein important for height?

protein in your diet get broken down into amino acids and reabsorbed into the blood stream!

you only have how many years to grow your skeleton?

20 years

what can happen if your nutrition is poor?

you wont grow to your full potetnital?

can stress have an impact on how tall you grow?

yes! if you grow up in a house that fights or has food insecurity you can not get all of the nutrients you need to grow to your full potential

most famous stress hormone?

adrenaline

cortisol is a what type of hormone?

stress

cortisol is made by what?

adrenal cortext in the adrenal gland

cortisol is secreted from what and helps you adapt to what?

stress; and helps you adapt to stress-full situations

downfall of stress?

it stunts your growth!

vitamin d is a

hormone; an organic molecule that goes into the bloodstream and binds to receptors in cells and changes the physiology of that tissue!

whats the target tissue of vitamin d?

columnar epithelial of the small intestine; stimulating those cells to take up vitamin d from your diet

if you don't have enough vitamin d what could happen?

you wont take up enough calcium and if that happens you wont be able to put enough calcium in your bones and bones wont grow properly leading to stunted growth and soft bones.

why is vitamin c important?

you need vitamin c to make collagen

what happens if you don't make enough collagen

your bones will be come brittle and all fibrous connective tissue will suffer; ligaments will become weka; connective tissue in arteries will become weak!

whats the clinical condition called if you don't have vitamin c?

scurvy

is cortisol a medicine?

yes!

vitamin d is a vitamin but also a

hormone

whats a hormone

an organic molecule released from some tissue that goes into blood stream and interact with cells that have a receptor with it and changing the physiology of those cells.

why is vitamin d a hormone?

its made in a specific way!

what is the last organ in the chain that synthesizes mature vitamin d?

kidney

whats the target cells of vitamin d?

simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intesitne

how does vitamin d change the shape of simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine?

by telling those cells to take up calcium from the diet!

calcium will be absorbed in physiological consequential amounts only if you have enough?

vitamin d!

if you don't have enough vitamin d?

you wont get the amount you need to harden your bones!

vitamin c is involved in making

collagen

there is an enormous amount of collagen in

dense connective tissue

without vitamin c what could happen to blood vessels?

collagen would fall apart and your blood vessels will suffer

tendons and ligaments in your jaw will fall apart leading too

scurvy

scurvy is high in what population of people group?

homeless and alcoholics

Growth Hormone is also called

somatotropin

what does soma mean

body

what does tropin mean

a hormone or some other factor that activates a particular tissue; usually the activation is by making the tissue grow!

somatotrop is what kind of hormone

a protein hormone

somatotrop is around how many amino acids long?

200; all one poly-peptide

where is somatotropin secreted?

the pituitary gland

somatotropin is made in the pituitary gland and secreted from the

pituitary gland

somatotropin is essential in what in the body?

growth

somatotropin has many direct and indirect affects depending on what

tissue type

growing bone length wise is almost allways

indirect

what is the abbreviation for growth hormone?

GH

does growth hormone act on bone directly?

no

growth hormone is produced by the brain; goes into the blood stream and orchestrates long bone growth by?

binding to the target cells in the liver; changing the physiology of those cells inducing those cells to produce another hormone

what are liver cells called

hepatocells

what hormone is produce by hepatocells in the liver?

insulin like growth factor one

whats the abbreviation for insulin like growth factor one

IGF1

IGF1 (Insulin like growth factor 1) goes into the blood stream and is a lot like what hormone?

the protein hormone insulin

what is IGF1s target tissue

the epiphyseal plate

IGF1 stimulates the growth of the

epiphyseal plate

what is the growth hormone IGF1 axis?

a conceptual axis or pillar that describes the growth hormone through the body for bone growth

what does the growth hormone IGF1 axis show?

growth hormone is necessary but not sufficient; meaning you have to have it to attain proper linear growth but it in it of itself is not sufficient! It needs the relationship with the liver to produce IGF1 so on and so forth!

why do you need iodine in your diet?

to make thyroid hormone

iodine is apart of what hormone?

thyroid

thyroid hormone is made from what?

tyrosine

two tyrosine molecules come together and condense and are modified to make?

thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone's most famous effect is that it?

stimulates your metabolosim to an appropriate degree

without enough thyroid hormone what clinically are you called?

hypothroidism

what can hypothyroidism side effects?

make you feel tired, low on energy, and have a lower metabolism, gaining weight.

how can you help hypothyroidism?

taking thyroid hormone by a pill

what is hormone replacemnt?

you replace a hormone syntehtically your body isn't making?

-think diabetics!

what is hyperthyroidism

over production of thyroidism

clinical side effects of hyperthyroidism

being depressed, cannot maintain healthy weight, sleeping cannot sleep, agitated!

thyroid hormone can allow for the stimulation of growth hormone IGF1 axis TOF

TRUE

whats a permissive hormone

it permits other hormones to maximize its potential

whats an example of a permissive hormone?

thyroid hormone

gonadal sex hormones

estrogen and testosterone

why are gonadal sex hormones called gonadal?

they are made by gonads!

gonads are umbrella terms for either

ovaries or testies

gonadal hormones have impacts such as what in male reproductive

such as male reproductive tract to achieve its function by stimulating sperm reproduction

estrogen changes the female body tof

true

estrogen is a counterpart hormone to

testosterone

testosterone produces

mature sperm

estrogen produces

mature eggs

do estrogen and testosterone play a role in skeletal development

yes

females undergo puberty a year or two before

males

what does estrogen and testosterone have in common

they both stimulate the epiphyseal growth plate

why are girls taller than guys in 6th grade?

because girls estrogen has started to impact them and make them taller as testosterone has awoken in guys yet!

a series of growth spurts in males happens later in life than

females

is estrogen or testosterone more stimulatory to the epiphyseal plate?

testosterone

estrogen in girls eventually will slow down the

epiphyseal growth plate and induce thinning of epiphyseal growth plate and closure of epiphyseal growth plate

TOF in females the closure of the epiphyseal growth plate due to estrogen happens faster than males with testosterone?

true

by 16 females are often on average

done growing their height

testosterone is significantly what compared to estrogen at closing the epiphyseal growth plate

lazier/slower

commonality is that both growth hormones stimulate?

the opening and closure of the epiphyseal growth plate

girls arrive early boys arrive late

girls close quicker boys close later

the average height difference between male and female is mainly is due to the sex hormones TOF

true- but also other genes are involved into growth remember growth is polygenic

is your height often determined by parents height?

YES!

tall parents usually mean tall kids and short parents usually mean short kids regardless of sex!

what is the first organ involved in making vitamin d?

the skin

what stimulates to skin to start making vitamin d?

ultra-violet rays from the sun

theres a good and bad side to ultraviolet rays what are they?

good side: a little bit of ultra-violet light is essential for vitamin d production

bad side: over stimulation can stimulate cancer

TOF cholesterol has a bad wrap because normally you read that it will clog arteries HOWEVER with cholesterol you would not be alive!

true

cholesterol is essential for your cell membranes to not what?

melt away

cholesterols is the precursor for?

steriod hormones