JS Chapter 4 Textbook

Secondary victimization

Victimology

Mendelhson/father of “______” and importance

recognized importance of victims in 1930s; father of victimology

When did victimology gain formal recognition?

when the declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power was adopted by UN

Victimization surveys definition

ask respondants whether they have been victim of crime within a fixed period (like previopus year)

What may victims be asked about?

Experience, impressions of CJS, things like such

Pros of Victimization surveys

• provides prevalance of types of victimization

• info on dark figure of crime

• impact of select crimes (cost to victims, harm, etc)

• risk of victimization (actual and perceived)

• victims perception of the cunctioning/effectiveness of the CJS

Cons of victimization surveys

• victimization is not distrubuted evenly

• individuals may be harder to reach due to no fixed address/being incarcerrated/in hospital

• results can raise more questions

What did early victomologists focus on according to Medeloshn?

Causes of crime and victims role and theorizing such

Canadian Urban Victimization Survey (when, what, who, where, how)

1980s, covered things such as sexual violence with people 17+ in places like Vancouver, phone interviews, theft, vandalism

General Society Survey (1988)

replaced CUVS to understand issues and specific policies and social trends

Violence Against Women Survey (when, who, to see what, covered what issues)

1993, women 18+ to see safety inside and out. Sexual harassment, violence, perceptions of fear.

How long has federal govt conducted surveys on family violence?

Since 2001

Victimization of Indigenous women (more likely to..)

• be victim of physical/sexual violence

• victim of DV

• abuse is more violent

• violence includes weapon

• have realistic fears of safety

• more likely to be killed from Intimate partner violence

Internattional Crime Victims Survey; when? allows for what? shows what trend?

Conducted 6x (1989-2005)

international comparisons of crime; downward trend of victimization, car theft, assault and priornvictimization is not shown to cause fear.

Victim Characteristics - Age (15-24 vs. 65+, what is the correlation/3 things)

15-24 had highest rates of victimization, 15x more likely

, 65+ in castegories like SA, robbery, assault, theft.

correlation: lifestyle, age and victimization

Victim characteristics - gender (men vs women and mens fear of..)

women are more likely to be victims of sexual assault and overall

men more likely to be victims of robbery and assault

(may also be due to fear of reporting and stigmatization)

Victim characteristics - Household income

richer = more likely to get victimized

Marital status/sexual orientation

Single people are more violently victimized and gay people

Victim data/characteristics and race

• hard to use/measure

• correlations between non-white and victimization BUT, correlations of other things

• indigenous more likely to be victmizied and carded

Hans von Hentig:idea of crime being the result of…… this can lead to what?

crime is a result of duet of offender and victim. their characteristics can influence crime; interaction between 2 parties; victim-blaming

Repeat victimization and its the result of

Victim precipatation theory

some people make themselves the targets of their own victimization through their actions/inactions

Repeat victimization

correlation of culpability (imputability) mendeloshn - 6 types of

how much victim contributed to crime, 6 types from innocent to simulating and imaginary like old and crazy

shafer and born victims?

secondary victimization

victim blaming and trauma from attitudes and beaviours from the social sector or the justice system towards victims

result of secondary victimizaiton

reluctance to trust or seek help; sa or dv vicitms are most likely

Why may it be compounded? give a couple reasons/situations

• told experience is not victimization

• trial/investigation is harmful

• er is too hurried for SV victim

• media is intrusive

• doctors not seeing signs of abuse

• sees process not balancing their rights wiith perpetrator

What is the case of Pickton (BC) about and what did it cause during the trial?

He killed 49 women but was only convicted for 6; fed them to his pigs. Many faced secondary victimization due to being told they had mental health issues and just trying to get compensation. VICTIM BLAMING/SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION

Lifestyle model

peoples lifestyle and behavioural patterns place them at greater risk of being victims of crime

3 related hypotheses to lifestyle model

Equivalent groups (offender and victim share some traits like age), proximity (people place themselves at risk by choosing lifestyle) and deviant place (some areas have higher risk than others)

equivalent groups hyp - lifstyle

victim and offender share some traits like age

proximity hyp - lifestyle

people place themselves in risky soituations by choosing the lifestyle

deviant place - lifeestyl

some places are more likely to have risk of crime

Routine Activity Theory - cohen and felson - risk of victimization increases in presence of: (3)

1) motivated offender

2) sutiable target - victim

3) abscence of capable guardian/intervener

How does RAT and lifestyle overlap?

Criminals dont create opportunities but come across them, so people face different levels of risk because of different levels of exposure to offenders

When did the statement of basic principels of justice for victims of crime emerge?

1988; how victims should be treated

Victim bill of rights - enacted by who and when, gae what rights? (4)

2015, Obudsman for Victims of crime to formalize their rights and ensure government meets them. Right to: information, protection, participation, restitution.compensation

UN Declaration of principle of justice 4 victims of crime and abuse of power principles

• courtesy compassion and respect

• privacy to be respected

• minimize convenience

• consider safety and security

• vicitms must get info about CJS, role in it and how to participate

• must be informed about status of investigation, court shceudling and outcomes and offender status in corrections

• be told about assistance available

• consider vicitms views, needs, concerns and diversity

Victim impact statements and came into legislation when?

a statement presented by victim during sentencing phase to inform the court of personal imapct of offenders behaviour; 1988

When were VIS allowed in youth courts?

1995

Initial purpose of VIS and suggested issues

• initially to see affect on victim

• suggested it leads to retribution as they can confront the offender also debated that it should afect outcome

- Since 1982, have been able to seek compensation

Compensation defintiion vs restitution

compensation is paid by the sate for pain, suffering anf financial loss when offender cannot restitution is when the offender is ordered to repay victim for losses caused by crime

Cons of restitution and comepnsation for victims

issues with restittion: offenders may not be able to afford it, victims must meet criteria and many font even know about these programs as they arent very publicized

What are victims provided with for court services based on the Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime of Canada?

supports victims with: attending court, navigating JS, transportantion, info.

what does calgary offer for police service victim assistance?

24/7 volunteer support, home and hospital visits, trauma support, help with VIS, etc

What does the Department of Justice and Public Safety provide vicitms with 4 public education and what do they think this does?

Initiaties to educate about laws/victim rights, info to support victim groups, campaings on bullying and education on DV; more education, less risk

What crisis intervention programs exist for?

. DV, SA and secondary victimization

Issues with crisis intervention? (race/gender)

There are more shelters for men than women, especially with indigenous RS survivors, immigrants, racialized, etc.

Restorative justice: focused on community-centered rehabilitation/

Concerns with restorative justice

People are concerned that it may lead to coercion to forgive, may lack cultural sensitivity and has too much of a focus on rehabilitating the offender rather than focusing on the victim.