GVSU PSY 101 GALEN SECOND HALF Latest updated version with 100% correct answers

overarching view of social psych

situationism

self-esteem heavily based on

social comparison

comparing upward (to superiors) can _______ esteem by can ________

lower, help us improve

when self-concept is threatened, can be boosted by

downward comparison (to perceived inferiors)

negative effects of social

isolation and ostractism

process of assigning causes (behavior)

attributions

Ex. Why did that person commit a crime?

Dispositional - bad person, evil, lack of morals,

Situational - people are desperate, poverty, need better options

overstimulate

underestimate

dispositional influences

situational influences

what is an example of a fundametal attribution error?

attribution about someone who cuts you off while driving vs. about yourself when you cut someone off

mass hysteria

contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads ex ticks

cults

groups exhibiting intense and unquestioning between devotion to a single cause

cult factors promoting group thinking

1. persuasive leader who fosters loyalty

2. disconnect members from the outside world

3. discourage questioning of assumptions

4. gradual indrotrination

debunking by innoculation

empathize with why reasons beliefs seem trust first, then show reasons are false

Prosocial Behavior

behavior intended to help others

Bystander Noninteverntion

when people see someone in need but fail to help them

Pluralistic Ignorance

majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume incorrectly that others accept

diffusion of responsibility

less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

Disposition attribution (internal)

personality, talent, skill, intelligence

situational attribution (external)

opportunity, chance, incentives, consequences

attitude

belief including emotional component.

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state of tension between 2 opposing thoughts. Motivates us to reduce or eliminate it. Things when they clash. Ex Im a good person but do i cheat on this test.

we resolve tension by

changing the attitude

self-perception theory

acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

prejudice

arrive at a negative attitude before evaluating evidence

generalized belief

about a group of people applied to an individual (sterotyoe)

discrimmination

unequal treatment of members of different groups

social identity theory

social world is perceived as either in group and out group

social identity theory - ingroup

people with whom we share a common identity (us)

social identity theory - outgroup

perceived as apart from the ingroup (them)

outgroup homogeneity

outgroup members perceived as being "all alike"

realistic conflict theory

competition for scarce resources creates prejudice

scapegoat theory

outgroup members are blamed for misfortune, blaming problems on different groups that aren't theirs

authoritarianism

1) obedience to authority

2) aggress

3)conformity

belief in a dangerous world

world is a scary place

social dominace

prefer soc hierarchy

system justification

rationalize staus quo as legitimate

idiographic

study of the individual with unique agency and life history

nomothetic

study of classes or cohorts of individuals

sigmund freud - viennese neurologist

first comprehensive theory of personality.

looked at things such as symptoms, resolution, symbolic, dreams, memory

fixation

have some sort of "issue" or "block" at a early stage of development

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Repression

unconscious attribution of one's own negative qualities onto others

Projection

Psychologically returning to younger, safer time

Regression

Redirecting an impulse from unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one

Displacement

Transforming unacceptable impulse or anxiety-producing experience into its opposite

reaction formation

Transforming unacceptable impulse into socially valued/ admired goal

sublimation

Providing a reasonable, but untrue, explanation for behavior

rationalization

differences in personalities stem from our

learning histories

Social cognitive theory

Learning is important, but thinking plays a crucial role as well

self-actualization

people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others

Describing and understanding the structure of personality by looking at ____

individual differences on traits

use _____ statistical procedure reduces diversity of personality descriptors underlying traits

factor analysis

Five Factor Model - OCEAN

O - openness to experience

C - conscientiousness

E - extraversion

A - agreeableness

N - neuroticism

empirical method

what items separate two groups by questions ex depressed or not by a set of questions

rational/theoretical method

begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization

projective hypothesis

project aspects of personality onto ambiguous stimuli

incremental validity

Does the (often lengthy) test add anything beyond more basic, easily collected information?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

story based on ambiguous pictures

mental illness were often viewed though a

demonic model

renaissance, medical model saw MI as a

physical disorder

deinstitutionalization replaced long stay psychiatric hospitals with

community mental health services

major depressive disorder

most common, at 16%

how long does a depression episode last

avg 6 months to a year, often times 5-6 episodes in a life time

elicit rejection from others

interpersonal/social media

cognitive disortions

bias thoughts (over generalized)

learned helplessness

"give up" facing events we can't control

bipolar disorder includes

depressive and manic episodes

split disorder

serve disorder of though, emotion, language, lose of contact with reality. NOT "spilt personality"

sensory perceptions occurring in absence of external stimuli

hallucinations

family members can influence relapse:

hostility, criticism, over -involvement (expressed emotion)

Psychosocial factors only trigger it in persons with genetic vulnerabilities

diathesis- stress mode