HBS Final Study Guide

Flashcards for key vocabulary terms from the lecture notes.

Cardiac Muscle

Pumps blood throughout the body.

Skeletal Muscle

Pushes blood back to the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Regulates blood flow by constricting/dilating.

Heart

Muscle organ located in the thoracic cavity that receives deoxygenated blood and sends oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Lungs

Supplies oxygenated blood to the body.

Valves

Prevents backflow into the chambers of the heart.

Pulmonary Valve

Separates the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

Aortic Valve

Separates the aorta from the left ventricle.

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

Supplies blood flow to the left side heart muscles, including the left atrium and left ventricle.

Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD)

Branches off the LCA, supplying blood to the front left side of the heart muscles; supplies the septum and apex.

Circumflex Artery

Supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart muscle.

Right Coronary Artery

Supplies blood to the Right Ventricle, Right Atrium, and SA/AV nodes.

Artery

Carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated).

Vein

Returns blood back to the heart (deoxygenated).

Capillaries

Branches blood vessels that form a network between the arteries and veins.

Tunica Media

Contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers which allows the vessel to dilate/constrict to regulate blood flow.

Carotid Artery

Supplies blood up the neck where they branch off to supply blood to the head, brain, face, etc.

Jugular Vein

Takes deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart.

Heart Rate

Cardiac activity/heart contractions, measured in beats per minute (60-100 BPM Normal).

Tachycardia

Abnormally quick beating of the heart over 100 BPM.

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow beating of the heart below 60 BPM.

Pulse

Rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; contracts/expands in response to blood flow.

Blood Pressure

Force of blood as it presses against the inner walls of arteries.

Systolic

Measures the mmHg pressure during systole/contraction of the ventricles; top # on a blood pressure reading.

Diastolic

Measures the mmHg pressure during diastole/relaxing of the ventricles; bottom # on a blood pressure reading.

Cardiac Output

Measure of how much blood is pumped out by both ventricles in one minute.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood being pumped out of the art with each heartbeat (mL per beat).

ABI

Ankle Brachial Index compares the BP in upper/lower limbs to detect shortages/blockages.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Narrowed Blood Flow in extremities resulting from narrowed arteries, increasing BP.

Atherosclerosis

Causes buildup of plaque which restricts blood flow.

SinoAtrial Node (SA)

“Pacemaker of the heart”; Starts a natural impulse to power contraction; powers contraction of the atria (upper).

AtrioVentricular Node (AV)

Delays the electrical impulse from the SA Node to allow the atria to fill with blood before signalling ventricular contraction (lower than SA node; in middle).

Bundle of His

Carries impulses from the AV node to ventricles (middle).

Purkinje Fibers

Sends impulses to cells of the ventricles, causing contraction of the ventricles (bottom).

EKG

Graph that records electrical events occurring within the heat (can reveal heart/patient health).

Arrhythmia

Problem with rate/rhythm of heartbeat.

Fibrillation

Abnormal contraction of the heart chambers.

AED

Life-saving device which delivers a shock in response to ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia.

Pacemakers

Artificial devices that stimulate the heart with electrical impulse with regular rhythm.

Systemic Circulation

Circulation between the heart and the rest of the body (excluding pulmonary organs).

Horizontal Fissure

Separates the superior and anterior lobes of the lung (right side of the lung).

Oblique Fissure

Separates the middle and inferior lobes of the lung (left side of the lung).

Cardiopulmonary Circulation

Connects between the heart/lungs.

Pulmonary Loop

Right side of heart picks up deoxygenated blood and moves it to the lungs for cleaning and reoxygenation.

Pulmonary Arteries

Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Pulmonary Veins

Oxygen rich blood moves from the lungs back to the heart (left side).

Systemic Loop

Sends oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body.

Alveoli

Thin-walled air sacs that extend from bronchioles; wrapped with capillaries.

Diaphragm

Bottom area in the lungs.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nostrils-Nasal Cavity-Pharynx-Larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea-Bronchi-Bronchioles-Alveoli.

Conducting Zone

Passageway of air to move in/out of the lungs.

Respiratory Zone

Bronchioles and Alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Larynx

Voice box/Adam’s Apple.

Respiration Rate

Rate of breathing (inhale-exhale) in one minute; Breaths per minute normal is 12-20 breaths.

Pulse Ox

Blood oxygen levels; Normal levels are 95%-100%, and anything below 91% is largely concerning.

Spirometry

Test using a spirometer to test inhale and exhale rate/capacity for a human.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Total volume of air exhaled after max inhalation.

Residual Volume (RV)

Volume of air in the lungs after max inhalation; some air left.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total volume of the lungs.

Altitude Sickness

Body adjusting to the demands of high altitude; lower air pressure means that there is less O2.

Pulmonary Edema

Characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli which inhibits the ability to diffuse oxygen efficiently and in proper quantity.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen to cells.

Total Cholesterol

Total amount of cholesterol in blood; normal levels are below 200 mg/dL.

LDL

Lipoprotein carrying cholesterol towards cells; normal values are below 100 mg/dL.

HDL

Lipoprotein carries cholesterol away from cells and toward the liver; normal values above 60 mg/dL.

Triglycerides

150 mg/dL or less are normal values.

Kidney

Bean shaped organ that filters blood, regulates fluid volume, and produces urine waste.

Ureter

Smooth, muscular tubes that moves urine from kidney to bladder.

Bladder

Rough, pyramid like, hollow organ within the pelvic cavity that stores urine.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the bladder outside the body.

Renal Cortex

Site of most blood filtration via its numerous nephrons, glomeruli, etc.

Renal Medulla

Contains loop of henle and collecting ducts.

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Amount of fluid and dissolved fluids the kidneys can filter per minute.

Tubular Reabsorption

Fluids move from tubular fluids of the nephron back into the blood.

Tubular Secretion

Fluids move from the blood into the tubular fluids of the nephron.

Glomerulus

Filtration of blood by letting in smaller substances but keeping back red blood cells.

Bowman’s capsule

Further filtration and collection of filtered substances.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Reabsorption of most substances and water back into the bloodstream.

Loop of Henle

Water and sodium reabsorption.

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Reabsorbs some substances but also has potassium and hydrogen ions secreted into it.

Collecting Ducts

Urine collected to then be filed down the ureters to the bladder.

Creatinine

Byproduct of creatine.

Creatine

Amino acid that helps to maintain continuous supply of energy to muscles and is removed as waste in urine.

Cystatin C

Protein slowing the breakdown of other proteins so they can stay in the body longer.

eGFR

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Dialysis

Purifying the blood of a patient whose kidneys are malfunctioning.

UACR Test

Test that determines if albumin is present in the urine; if present, possible kidney damage.

Nephrologist

MDs who specialize in the kidneys.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Inherited condition with fluid filled cysts that can block vessels, tubules, etc. and eventually leads to kidney failure.

Urinalysis

Non Invasive urine test.