Biology S1 Final Review

Biology

Study of life

Cell

Smallest unit of life

Levels of organization in living things

Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

Homeostasis

Process of keeping a stable internal environment

Scientific Method

Observe, Predict, Experiment, Analyze, Interpret

Hypothesis

A possible explanation/prediction validated/invalidated by experiments

Hypothesis Example

***IF*** I study, ***THEN*** I will pass this final.

Variable

Numbers found through experiments then used to graph

Independent Variable

Variable that is __altered by the scientist__

Dependent Variable

Variable that is __affected by the variable__ set by the scientest

Controlled Experiment

Tested under programmed conditions

Competition Factors

Food, Water, Shelter

Symbiotic Relationship

Relationship between **two** animals that **interact** with each other

Types of Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parisitism

Mutualism

Both animals **benefit**

Commensalism

One animal **benefits**, the other remains **neutral**

Parisitism

One animal **benefits** by **harming** the other

Niche

The __**role**__ of a species within an ecosystem

Habitat

The **location** of where species live

Difference between **Niche** and **Habitat**

**Niche** is a __role__; **Habitat** is a location

Autotroph

Organism that **makes** its own food (plants)

Heterotroph

Organisms that **consume** others (animals)

Carnivore

Animal that only eats **meat** (Wolf)

Omnivore

Animal that eats both **meat and plants** (Human)

Herbivore

Animal that only eats **plants** (Caterpillar)

Sun

Ultimate **energy** source

Proton

Subatomic particle with a **positive** charge

Electron

Subatomic particle with a **negative** charge

Neutron

Subatomic particle with **no** charge

Nucleus (Atom)

**Location** of protons and neutrons

Electron Cloud

**Location** of electrons

Atomic Number

**Equal** to the number of **protons**; **defines** the element on the **periodic table**

Mass Number

Protons + Neutrons = ________

Ionic Bonds

**Metallic** element **bonded** to a **nonmetal** element through the **transfer** of electrons

Covalent Bonds

**Two Nonmetals** bonded to each other through the **sharing** of electrons

Cell Theory

Cell is the basic **unit of life**, Cells come from **pre-existing cells**, **All** organisms are **made** out of cells

Prokaryote

Cells with __no__ membrane-bound nucleus or organelle (Bacteria)

Eukaryote

Cells __with__ __membrane__-bound nucleus and organelles (Plant/Animal Cells)

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have a nucleus while Prokaryotes don’t

Functions of Nucleus

Stores **DNA**, maintain **integrity**, facilitate **transcription** and **replication**

Mitochondria

Create **ATP**

Cytoplasm

**Fluid** filling the inside of the cell

Chloroplast

Only in **plants**; carries out photosynthesis to make energy for the plant

Golgi Apparatus

Prepares large molecules for **storage** in the cell or for secretion out of the cell

Ribosome

Make **proteins** for the cell

Cell Membrane

Thin layer of **lipids** and **proteins** **separating** the cell’s contents from the environment

Smooth ER

**Functions** in making **lipids**, processes **carbohydrates**, and modifies chemicals **toxic** to the cell; Smooth due to the absence of **ribosomes**

Rough ER

Helps synthesize **proteins** & manufacture new **cell membrane**; Smooth due to presence of **ribosomes**

Difference between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have **cell walls** and **chloroplasts**

Solvent

**Liquid** that **DIS**__**SOLVE**__**S** the substance

Solute

Substance that __**is**__ dissolved

Example of a Solution

When making hot chocolate, the milk is the **solvent** and the chocolate powder is the **solute**. The milk **dissolves** the powder.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from **high to low** concentration (__no energy__ required as it is a passive transport)

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion but using a **carrier molecule** (__no energy__ required as it is a passive transport)

Osmosis

Diffusion of **water** from high to low concentration (__no energy__ required as it is a passive transport)

Active Transport

Movement of particles **against** the gradient otherwise known as LOW to HIGH concentration (**REQUIRES** energy)

DNA

Double Helix structure that stores genetic code; Universal Code; Double-Stranded, Deoxyribose sugars, has Thymine

Replication

The process by which DNA is copied; Occurs in the S phase of Interphase prior to cell division

First step of Replication

Helicase unzips DNA

Second step of Replication

Bases pair up and find their complementary bases with the help of DNA polymerase

Third step of Replication

Backbone bonds the sugar - phosphate backbone is assembled to complete strand

2 DNA strands each have ONE new and ONE old

This results after DNA replication occurs

Guanine

Cytosine pairs with

Adenine (DNA)

Thymine pairs with

Adenine (RNA)

Uracil

Codon

Three base section of mRNA that carries a code for a specific amino acid

AUG

This Codon means STOP

Translation

This process occurs in the Ribosomes and has three steps: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Initiation

Step in translation when the mRNA attaches to ribosomes

Elongation

Step in translation when tRNA matches up to mRNA with anitcodons

Termination

Step in translation when ribosome reaches a stop codon and protein is released

Protein Synthesis

Transcription and Translation make up this process

Transcription

Process by which genetic info. from DNA is copied to mRNA

RNA polymerase

Binds unattached RNA bases to complementary bases on DNA strand

RNA

Single-Stranded, Ribose sugar group, has Uracil; Called Ribonucleic Acid

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

This type of RNA makes up Ribosomes

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

This type of RNA carries DNA info to ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Carries amino acids to ribosome

Frameshift

The deletion or addition of nucleotides resulting in the disruption of codons

Inversion

Chromosome breaks in two places resulting in a piece of DNA that is reversed and re-inserted into the chromosome

Translocation

When a chromosome breaks and the two fragmented pieces re-attach to different chromosomes

Mitosis

This process occurs in somatic cells (body cells) and its objective is to make identical cells with identical chromosomes

Prophase

First phase of Mitosis; Chromosomes condense and are visible, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Second phase of Mitosis; Chromosomes pulled to center of cell

Anaphase

Third phase of Mitosis; Centromeres divide and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by Spindle Fibers

Telophase

Nucleus reforms around 2 new identical sets of chromosomes and chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin

Plants

Cell division is different in ______ due to the cell walls denying pinching off so cell wall forms between new cells

Meiosis

Create gametes (sperm) for sexual reproduction

Haploid (n)

One set of chromosomes, randomly distributed to gametes

Diploid (2n)

One pair of chromosomes, one set from each parent

Gametes

Sperm

Crossing Over

Happens in Meiosis, Prophase I, results in new gene combos on chromosomes that will produce unique gametes

ATP structure

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Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H20 + (light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Thylakoid

An individual disk of a grana, contains chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Pigment reflecting green light making plants appear green and allows for photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Organelle in which Photosynthesis occurs

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + (ATP)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis → Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) → Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis → Fermentation (Lactic - Animals, Alcohol - Bacteria/Yeast)