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Essay Question 1: Experiment with ethical and moral issues
Stanford Prison Experiment
Q: Why was it scandalous?
A:
Guards became abusive, prisoners internalized roles
Researcher did nothing to stop it
Ended by outsider (his girlfriend)
Shows power of roles + authority
Milgram Experiment
Q: Why was it controversial?
A:
Participants thought shocks were real
High obedience to authority
Led to changes in ethical standards
Essay Question 2: famous political theory: democratic peace theory
Q: What is Democratic Peace Theory?
A:
Democracies rarely/never go to war with each other
Two explanations:
Normative: democracies value negotiation
Institutional: leaders are constrained by voters, media
Influenced Woodrow Wilson → League of Nations
Important because it has been supported over time
Short Answer 1: Polling
Q: Main problems with polling?
A:
Hard to get participation
Time consuming
People don’t take it seriously
Incentives (paying people) can bias results
Hard to get good sample size
People lie:
Income
Political beliefs
Example: people may secretly vote conservative but won’t tell pollsters
Short Answer 2: Correlation and Causation
Q: What is correlation?
A:
Two variables move together
Does NOT mean one causes the other
Q: What is causation?
A:
One variable directly causes another
Q: Example?
A:
Ice cream sales ↑ → crime ↑
Actually both caused by summer (third variable)
Short Answer 3: Liberal v Conservative
Q: Why is ideology hard to measure?
A:
Subjective → depends on perspective
Metrics can be criticized
Politicians may:
Lie
Refuse to answer
How do we measure ideology?
Surveys (ex: Project Vote Smart)
Voting records (DW-NOMINATE)
Donations (who they financially support)
Key Concept:
We measure actions (votes), not true beliefs
Nominal
Categories (no order)
Ordinal?
Ranked order
Discrete
Fixed values (finite)
Continuous
Infinite range (ex: GDP)
Independent Variable
Cause
Dependent Variable (DV)
Effect
Random error
Accidental
Careless answering
Non-random error
Intentional
Example: lying about prison history
What is canvassing?
Going door-to-door
Asking questions or persuading voters
What is deep canvassing?
Long conversations to change opinions
Example:
Michael LaCour study
Claimed repeated conversations changed views on gay marriage
Controversial (possibly fake / funding issues)
What is a natural experiment?
No manipulation
Observing real-world events
What is groupthink?
Pressure to conform
Avoid disagreement
Leads to bad decisions
What is the “end problem”?
Small sample → unreliable conclusions
Example: Only 50 elections studied