Honors Bio - Lab Quiz Chapters 11-12

What was the purpose of smashing the strawberries?

It physically breaks the cell wall and tissues, helping to separate the cells and initiate the release of DNA

Why did we use dish soap?

The dish soap breaks down the lipids and proteins in the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane and nuclear membrane. The soap enables the cell to pop open and release the DNA.

Why did we use a filter?

The filter helps to separate the solid cellular debris such as cell walls, pulp, and membranes, from the liquid mixture that contains the DNA. Without filtration, the DNA would be mixed with too much pulp, making it difficult to see the DNA strands that precipitate when the cold alcohol is added.

Why did we use isporpyl alcohol?

The alcohol is used to help the DNA become insoluble and clump together in visible chunks.

Why was the alcohol cold?

It was cold to stop the activity of enzymes which could break down the DNA.

Why were we able to see a clump of DNA despite it being a microscopic material.

The extraction process allows millions of DNA strands to clump together and not be broken down from enzymes

What two molecules make up the backbone of the DNA molecule? What kind of bonds hold these two together.

phosphate group and sugar; covalent bonds

What molecules make up the steps in the DNA Ladder? What kind of bonds hold these together?

nitrogenous bases such as A,T,C, and G; They're held together by hyrdogen bonds.

Bond between phosphate group and sugar in DNA

covalent

Bonds that hold together two nitrogen bases

hydrogen bonds

How did the contribution of Rosalind Franklin help enable Watson and Crick to determine structures of DNA?

Photo 51 by Franklin helped Watson and Crick see the shape of the double helix from the top view.

What proteins does DNA wrap around

histones

How many chromosomes do strawberry cells have in each cell

56

How are the chromosomes protected in a strawberry cell?

phospholipid nuclear membrane, phospholipid cell membrane, cellulose cell wall

Transcription

copying of a gene to make RNA

What nitrogen bases pair together in DNA?

A-T

G-C

For transcription to occur, DNA must ____

split

_ is used to add new RNA nucleotides to make RNA

RNA polymerase

this enzyme double checks and corrects any mistakes during the transcription process

RNA Polumerase

In transcription, which bases match up?

A-U

U-A

C-G

G-C

the mRNA will release from the DNA and to the_ , the site of protein synthesis

ribosome

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks called _

nucleotides

The enzyme that adds new nuleotides to build mRNA is called

RNA polymerase

DNA has ____ strands and mRNA has ___ of nucleotides

2; 1

What's the function of mRNA?

To transmit the code for making proteins from DNA to the ribosome to carry the info neccesarry to make a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

DNA _ after transcription

zips back up

Translation

interprets the RNA message into amino acid chains

How many nucleotides make up a codon ( section of mRNA)

3

the "start" codon is ____

A-U-G

A protein is a chain of _ also called a polypeptide

amino acids

each codon codes for a ____

amino acid

what happens to the tRNA after it brings the amino acid to the ribosomes?

the tRNA detatches and exits the ribosome and is recycled back to the cytoplasm to pick up other amino acids, ready to be used again

translation

the making of a protein using the codons on mRNA as instructions

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

mRNA

copies dna code to take it from the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

brins amino acids to the ribosome

codons

triplets of mRNA

anticodons

triplets of tRNA

polypeptide

another name for a protein, chain of amino acids