Unity Final

How is life organized?

Cellular Level

• atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

Organismal Level

• tissue, organ, organ system, organism,

Populational Level

• Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

Characteristics of Life

• Genetic Information

  • DNA/RNA

• Movement

• Metabolism

• Reproduction

• Cell Differentiation

• Communication

• Evolution

Cell

Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce, independently or as part of a multicellular organism.

Element

The simplest version of a substance.

Trace Elements

Elements that are present in very little amounts, but are very important to body functions.

Ionic Bonds

Electrons being transfered to between nonmetal or metal elements, forming ionic lattice’s.

Covalent Bonds

Electrons being shared between nonmetal elements forming the VSEPR shapes of molecules. Can be nonpolar or Polar!

Electronegativity

An atoms attraction for electrons causing it to pull based on strength.

Hydrophyllic

Polar covalent bonds that are water LOVING

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar covalent bonds that are water HATING.

Hydrogen Bonds

Attractions between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms.

• weak, but strong in groups

• provides the properties of water

Specific Heat of Water

It’s high which allows the water to absorb heat without a high temperature change.

Cohesion

Attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind creating surface tension.

Adhesion

The attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind creating capillary action.

Molecular Geometry

The shape of atoms in a molecule that determines function.

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon molecules. Can be linear or in rings.

Moieties

Forms when you add other molecules to carbon structures.

Hydroxyl Group

OH - Polar interactions, Hydrogen bonding, Covalent bonding

Methyl Group

CH₃- Nonpolar interactions, Covalent bonding

Carbonyl Group

CO - Polar interactions, Hydrogen Bonding

Carboxyl Group

C-O-OH - Charged interactions, Ionic bonding, Hydrogen bonding, Acidic properties when giving its H⁺ away

Amino Group

NH₂ - Charged interactions, Ionic bonding, Hydrogen bonding, Basic properties when it takes a H⁺

Phosphate Group

P-O-O-OH-OH - Charged interactions, Polar molecule, Hydrogen bonding, Acidic properties when giving away its H⁺

Sulfhydryl Group

SH - Moderately polar molecule, Di-sulfide bridges

Dehydration Reactions

Making molecules by removing water creating bonds.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down molecules using a water molecule.