Anatomy FINAL exam review

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response in emergency situations?

 Sympathetic nervous system

You see a pencil and go to pick it up.  During this process, the nerve impulse travels to your brain using the _______ and then from your brain to your hand muscles using the  ________.

Sensory neurons and Motor neurons.

The part of the neuron in the picture above that receives the impulse from the senses or another neuron is

Dendrite

Which letter represents the Nodes of Ranvier?

E

Which two letters represent portions of the axon that allow impulses to travel more quickly?

 D and E

Which describes a cell’s resting potential?

a. Charged ions rush into the cell and reverse charges inside and outside of the cell

b. The cell does not have any charge

c. The cell is negatively charged, environment is positively charged

d. The cell in positively charged, environment is negatively charged

c. The cell is negatively charged, environment is positively charged

Which portion of the brain is responsible for involuntary activities such as posture, breathing, and heart rate?

 Brainstem (or specifically, the medulla oblongata)

Which lobe of the brain controls reasoning, decision-making & planning?

 Frontal lobe

 Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

         a. Organ of Corti à hearing

         b. gustatory cell à touch

         c. maculae à balance

        d. olfactory receptor à smell

b. gustatory cell à touch

 At which point on the retina can the sharpest image be detected?

 Fovea centralis

Which is the correct order in which sound waves flow through the ear?

a. auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea

b. auditory canal, tympanic membrane, cochlea, ossicles, auricle

c. auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, auricle, cochlea

d. auricle, auditory canal, ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea

a. auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea

Although both the nervous and endocrine systems are able to control the body, the endocrine system uses _______ to produce a response, which are ______ than nervous system controls.

Hormones and slower

Most of the hormones secreted by the pituitary are produced in the

Hypothalamus

 

Which of the labeled structures above is a gland that secretes many hormones including growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

 B: Pituitary gland

Which of the labeled structures above is a lobe of the cerebrum?

E

Which of the labeled structures above is the corpus callosum?

C

 

Which of the labeled structures above aids in making your movements graceful and smooth?

F:  Cerebellum

 If a disorder was caused by a lower amount of a hormone being produced, this would be called a

Hyposecretion

 If a cell reacts to a certain hormone, it has ____________ for that hormone.

Receptors

The greatest percentage of your blood is made of

Plasma

The process of hemostasis (forming a blood clot) is completed by which type of cells?

 Platelets (thrombocytes)

 A person with Type A blood needs a blood transfusion.  Which blood types are safe to provide to her?

 Type A and Type O

The human cardiovascular system has two loops.  Which loop takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back?

 Pulmonary loop

The blood type that known as the “universal recipient” is

 AB+

Which blood vessels are the smallest and are the location where carbon dioxide is removed from cells and oxygen is delivered?

Capillaries

The major blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is the

Aorta

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the intrinsic conduction system?

a. SA node à AV node à AV bundles à Purkinje fibers à bundle branches

b. AV node à AV bundles à SA node à bundle branches à Purkinje fibers

c. AV node à AV bundles à Purkinje fibers à bundle branches à SA node

d. SA node à AV node à AV bundles à bundle branches à Purkinje fibers

d. SA node à AV node à AV bundles à bundle branches à Purkinje fibers

During the cardiac cycle, the relaxation period is known as

Diastole

Because oxygen is nonpolar,

 It diffuses easily through cell membranes

Any substance that triggers an immune response is called a(n):

Antigen

Although 90% of interstitial fluid returns to the blood vessels, 10% of it flows into capillaries of a different body system and becomes known as

Lymph

The ________________ are areas of a lymph node that have rapid mitosis and swell when the body gets an infection. 

 Germinal centers

Which of the following is INCORRECT about lymph capillaries?

         a. They have dead ends.

         b. They contain valves.

         c. They are lined with overlapping epithelial cells.

         d. They actively pump lymph around the body.

 

d. They actively pump lymph around the body.

Which of the following is part of the nonspecific/innate immune defense?

         a. antibodies            c. B-cells

         b. fever                     d. T-cells    

b. fever

Which of the following structures is NOT paired with the correct description?

a. Tonsils à nodules that form a protective ring around the throat

b. Peyer’s Patches à a group of lymphocytes near the small intestine that filter bacteria

c.  Thymus Gland à located near the stomach and are responsible for B-cell maturation

d. Spleen à found in abdomen and stores and filters blood

c.  Thymus Gland à located near the stomach and are responsible for B-cell maturation

Which of the following cells is NOT paired with the correct description?

a. Plasma B-cells à mark antigens on infected body cells.

b. Memory B-cells à provide for a faster secondary response to the infection.

c. Helper T-cells à recognize MHC2 receptors on infected body cells.

d. Cytotoxic T-cells à destroy infected body cells through apoptosis.

a. Plasma B-cells à mark antigens on infected body cells.

Which of the following cells can not display antigens to another cell?

a. cytotoxic T-cell               

c. B-cell

b. macrophage                   

d. dendritic cell

a. cytotoxic T-cell 

Receiving the COVID-19 vaccine provides that individual with which type of immunity?

 Artificial active immunity

 

In the image above, location 2 shows a(n)

B-lymphocytes (B cells) recognizing a foreign antigen

In the image above, location 3 shows a(n)

 The antibodies produced by the plasma B cells

The image above shows a pathway that is part of the

Humoral response

 Which of the following structures is NOT part of the alimentary canal within the digestive system?

a. tongue  

b. stomach    

c. small intestine     

d. large intestine

a. tongue

The layer of the alimentary canal that comes into contact with food is the

Mucosa

Although bile is produced in the _________, it is stored in the __________ until release is necessary.

 Liver; Gallbladder

Gastric juices produced by the stomach include all of the following except

a. hydrochloric acid           

c. pepsinogen 

b. bile                                  

d. mucus

b. bile

Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are considered _____________________ because they are needed in large quantities.

Macronutrients

 In which structure do rugae provide for expansion and contraction?

Stomach

After deglutition, peristalsis occurs here:

Esophagus

Absorption of water occurs here:

 Large intestine

Contains three sections known as the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

 Small intestine

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down by the digestive system in a process known as

Chemical digestion

Which structure contains large amounts of bacteria that help to produce vitamins B & K?

 Large intestine

The portion of the respiratory system that is protected by cartilaginous rings is the

Trachea

Which of the following described the path of oxygen as it enters your body?

         a. mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

         b. mouth/nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, lungs

         c. mouth/nose, larynx, trachea, pharynx, bronchioles, alveoli, bronchi, lungs

         d. mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

d. mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

The structure that contracts, allowing you to inhale is/are the

Diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT part of the lower respiratory tract?

         a. lungs                    c. pharynx

         b. alveoli                 d. bronchi

c. pharynx

Your friend had her larynx removed.  What is she unable to do?

speak

The alveoli of the lungs are closely associated with what structures from another body system?

Capillaries

You are sitting calmly while you work on this test.  The amount of air that is regularly being exchanges through your lungs during this time is called the

Tidal volume

During the process of expiration, volume in the lungs ___________ causing pressure in the lungs to _________________.

Decreases; Increase

After urine is produced, which of the following is the route that it will travel before leaving the body?

a. renal pyramids, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

b. renal pyramids, renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter, bladder, urethra

c. renal pyramids, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

d. renal pyramids, renal cortex, renal pelvis, renal capsule, ureter, bladder, urethra

c. renal pyramids, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

After playing basketball for a few minutes, your respiratory rate begins to increase.  Why?

To increase oxygen supply to muscles and remove carbon dioxide faster

The functional unit of the urinary system, where blood is filtered and urine is formed is the

Nephron

. During the filtration of blood and production of urine (completed by the structure listed in the question above), all of the following occurs EXCEPT

a. water is filtered out and reabsorbed into the blood

b. the pH of the blood is regulated

 c. collected urine is sent to the urethra

 d. steroids, drugs, and other toxic substances are removed from the blood

c. collected urine is sent to the urethra

What is the composition of urine?

Mostly water, urea, salts, and waste products

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in filtering blood from capillaries?

a. collecting duct                

c. podocytes

b. glomerulus                     

d. Bowman’s capsule

a. collecting duct

Which blood vessel brings blood into the kidney for filtration?

Renal artery

 A man with a swollen prostate will likely have reduced (the answer is the name for urinating) slide 16 of Urinary system ppt.

Micturition