Food Security Exam 1

Food security

everyone always has physical and economic access to the food they need to live a full life

Four pillars of food security

availability

access

utilization

stability

Food insecurity

lack of consistent access to affordable, nutritious food  

Ranges of food security

High food security

Marginal food security

Low food security

Very low food security

High food security

No access problems or limitations

Marginal food security

A few indications, anxiety over sufficiency but little or no indications of changes in diet or food intake

Low food security

Reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet but little to no indication of reduced food intake

Very low food security

Multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake

Two types of food insecurity

Chronic and transitory

Chronic food insecurity

extended, a war causing years of food insecurity

Transitory food insecurity

events causing short term food insecurity, loss of a job or flood destroying crops

Seasonal food insecurity

Falls between chronic and transitory, a predictable, cyclical lack of food access

Three concepts related to food insecurity

Hunger, malnutrition, and poverty

Global Hunger Index

tool that comprehensively measures and tracks hunger, no western European countries, the U.S., or Australia

Four parameters of the Global Hunger Index

Undernourishment

Child wasting

Child stunting

Child mortality

Four parameters of the Global Food Security Index

Affordability

Availability

Quality and safety

Sustainability and adaptation

What do people do when their food runs out?

Eat lower quality food

Limit portion sizes

Turn to community

Forage for wild foods

Harvest immature crops

Eat seeds

Eat whatever is available even if it isn’t food

Sell livestock

Skip meals

Travel, break up family, move away

Food Insecurity solutions

Climate smart agriculture

Invest in disaster risk reduction

Control infestations and crop infections

Enhance crops with biofortification

Reduce food waste

Improve food storage systems

Self help groups

Support hygiene and sanitation

Respond to refugee crisis

Advocate for gender equality

3 reasons water insecurity can affect food security

Poor water quality leading to decreased nutrient absorption

More time securing water leads to less time to work and get money for food

Decreased ability to sustain livestock

Nutrition support during pregnancy and up to what age can help protect children for their entire lives?

5

What portion of all food produced is wasted?

1/3

What is the primary reason for food insecurity in Malawi?

Climate change increasing floods and droughts harming food production

What is the primary reason for food insecurity in South Sudan?

Conflict leading to displacement

True or false, all food insecure people are hungry

False

Extreme poverty is defined as surviving on less than $___ per day

US $2.15

How many crops is the world food supply based on?

14

Which three crops are the largest part of the food supply?

wheat

rice

corn

How is the GHI calculated?

1/3 Undernourishment

1/6 Child stunting

1/6 Child wasting

1/3 Child mortality

primary plant macronutrients

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

secondary plant macronutrients

magnesium
sulfur
calcium

plant micronutrients

boron
chlorine
manganese
iron
nickel
copper
zinc
molybdenum

non-fertilizer plant elements

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen

nutrients

chemical substances required by the body to sustain basic functions

six major classes of nutrients for human health

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water

human macronutrients

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

human micronutrients

vitamins
minerals

two types of vitamins

water and fat soluble

water soluble vitamins

B1-B12 and C

fat soluble vitamins

A, E, D, and K

human macro minerals

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride

human micro minerals

iron
copper
zinc
selenium
iodine

the green revolution began:

when scientists in Mexico developed a hybrid wheat variety that dramatically increased yields

three key factors behind the success of the Green Revolution

synthetic fertilizers
hybridized wheat variety
modern irrigation and farm equipment

5 core principles of regenerative agriculture

no/low till
polyculture
cover soil
leave roots
incorporate livestock

permaculture

mimicking natural ecosystems, holistic closed loop system

5 types of agroforestry

alley cropping
forest farming
silvopasture
windbreak
riparian buffer

biofortification

modifying crops to contain additional nutrients, zinc has been added to rice

cover crop benefits

improve soil health
suppress weeds
prevent erosion

productive agricultural soil has between __% organic matter

3-6%

soil organic matter has __% carbon

58%

5 cover crops

winter and cereal rye
buckwheat
clover
sorghum-sudangrass
hairy vetch

the neolithic revolution began __ years ago

10,000-12,000

wheat, rice, and corn provide __% of total calories worldwide

60%

total amount of food waste is __ tons

1.3 B

agriculture accounts for __% of global freshwater withdrawals

70%

the first domesticated crops in the fertile crescent

wheat and barley

malthusian theory

population grows exponentially while food supply grows linearly, population will outpace food

soil amendments/biochar

increase soil quality and organic matter

biochar locks in carbon to the soil

challenges to malthusian theory

innovation and tech
family planning and contraception
green revolution

why did people give up hunting and gathering for farming

larger population
farming is more reliable
changing climate

three sisters system

intercropping with corn, beans, and squash

4R principles of nutrient stewardship

right source
right rate
right time
right place

3 components of conservation agriculture

no tillage
preservation of crop residue
crop diversification