Studied by 3 people
Physical
Physical Structures (Hubs, fiber, repeaters) bits
Data
Formats data into frames (MAC/Ethernet)
Network
Decides which physical path the data will take (Packets and IP)
Transport
Transmit data using protocols in different parts (Segments)-(TCP, UDP)
Session
Establish and terminates network communications (Data, tunneling, NFS, SQL)
Presentation
Data representation and encryption (Data, compression)
Application
End user layer (Data, HTTP)
APIPA
169.254.0.0 → 169.254.255.254
Class A
10.0.0.0 → 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 → 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 → 192.168.255.255
IPv4
32 bit and 4 8-bit sections
IPv6
126 bit and 8 blocks
1 - 127
255.0.0.0
128 - 191
255.255.0.0
192 - 223
255.255.255.0
ping
127.0.0.0
445
Server Message Block (SMB) TCP/IP
22
Secure Shell (SSH)
23
Telnet
427
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
68
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - the server
67
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - the client
389
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
137
NetBIOS over TCP
25
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
80
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
110
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)
53
Domain Name System (DNS)
138
Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) UDP
21
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfer control information
548
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
3389
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
20
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfer the data
443
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
143
Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
161
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) used by the SNMP manager to query agents
162
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) used by agents to send alerts
139
Server Message Block (SMB) NetBIOS
Processing
Final page is stored in the memory (1)
Charged
Drum is charged -600v by the Primary Corona (2)
Exposing
Laser beam writes -100 v image to drum surface (3)
Developing
Toner is applied to the surface of the drum (4)
Transferring
The transfer roller puts a positive charge on the paper to pull the toner from the drum and onto the paper - Secondary corona wire (5)
Fusing
Fuser assembly uses heat and pressure to fuse toner to paper - 400 degrees (6)
Cleaning
The drum is cleaned of residual toner and the charge (7)
Storage Attached Network (SAN)
A high-speed network for storing and sharing files
Body Area Network (BAN)
A very small network that consists of wearable or implanted devices such as a smart watch, fitness trackers, or medical implants.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Same as LAN but uses wireless connection/radio signal.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A network that covers an area as small as a few city blocks to as large as an entire metropolitan city.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Group of LANs that are geographically isolated but are connected to form a large internetwork.
Intranet
A private network that uses internet technologies.
Extranet
A private network that uses internet technologies but its resources are made available to trusted external users.
Routers
connect multiple networks together.
Switches
connect multiple computers inside of a network together and manage traffic
Subnet
A portion of a network with a common network address.
Transmission media
The medium that is used to carry electrical or radio signals between connected network hosts.
Network Interfaces
Converts the digital network data into a signal that can be transmitted along the transmission medium.
FTP
Provides a generic method of transferring files, file security, and allows file transfer between dissimilar computer systems.
SSH
Allows for secure interactive control of remote systems. All communication is encrypted and is used to remotely login to a network device, such as a switch.
Telnet
Used to remotely connect to another system. All data is transmitted in cleartext
SMTP
used when sending email
HTTP
Used by web browsers and web servers to exchange web pages through the WWW and intranets.
IMAP
Email retrieval protocol designed to enable users to access their email from various locations without transferring messages or files between computers.
POP3
Downloads emails from a server to a single computer, making those emails only accessible on that specific computer
Local Area Network (LAN)
Covers a small local area such as a home, office, ot other building
SLP
service that permits other devices to find networked services across a local area network (LAN)
69
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
PostScript
Slow, not found in many platforms, print files and memory requirements are larger. Graphics are detailed and identical print.
Printer Control Language (PCL)
Fast Print Processing, Supported in many OS platforms. Not identical print copies and not supported in Macintosh.
Cable Internet
Broadband technology that uses existing TV cables lines and is always connected (always up)
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
A group of broadband technologies that covers a wide range of speeds
Fiber Optic
A dedicated point-to-point (PTP) connection - Television, internet data, and voice communication
Satellite
Provides high-speed internet connections in remote areas, however, require line-of-site wireless connectivity and latency occurs when uploading
A wireless internet service provider (WISP)
Provides wireless network coverage to a certain location using wireless broadband
Long-range fixed wireless (LRFW)
Networks are used to provide low-cost, point-to-point connections - use antennas
Wireless Access Point
Allows wireless device connections to LAN (SOHO can also be WAP)
100-Mbps Ethernet
Fast Ethernet - typically uses copper cabling rated CAT-5 or higher
1000-Mbps Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet - uses the twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cable (CAT 6)
10-gigabit ethernet
Typically uses fiber-optic cable
UTP
Least expensive and most common cable
STP
Cable uses a covering or shield around each pair of wires to protect it from EMI and cost more
Coaxial
Fiber cables
Transmit signals as pulses of light over glass or plastic strands inside protective tubing
Single-mode
cable uses a single path for light to travel through it
Multi mode
cable uses multiple paths for light
Connectors of Fiber
ST (Straight Tip), LC (Lucent Connector), SC (Subscriber Connector)
Power over Ethernet (POE)
Uses the power lines in a building to transmit data
The internet of Things (IoT)
Describes physical devices that are connected directly to the network and communicate directly to the internet - improve quality of life
Software-defined networking (SDN)
Uses software applications and programs to essentially virtualize networking
Crossover cable
Used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a PC to a PC
568B
Orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown
568A
Green/white, green, orange/white, blue, blue/white, orange, brown/white, brown
Step 1 of Troubleshooting
Identify the Problem (Gather Information)
Step 2 of Troubleshooting
Research
Step 3 of Troubleshooting
Establish a theory of probable cause
Step 4 of Troubleshooting
Test the theory
Step 5 of Troubleshooting
Establish a plan of action
Step 6 of Troubleshooting
Implement or Escalate
Step 7 of Troubleshooting
Verify functionality
Note 
Flashcard (137)