Apush Period 4 people

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John Quincy Adams

His presidency (1825–1829), however, was plagued by accusations of a "corrupt bargain" in the election of 1824 and faced obstruction from Andrew Jackson's supporters, severely limiting his ambitious national program of internal improvements and a national university.

Napoleon Bonaparte

His ongoing wars in Europe, which led both France and Great Britain to violate American neutrality and seize ships (impressment), directly contributed to rising tensions and the eventual outbreak of the War of 1812.

John C. Calhoun

a leading figure in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848), initially serving as a War Hawk and Vice President under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. His political career fundamentally shifted when he became the primary theorist for the doctrine of nullification.

William Clark

a pivotal figure in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848) as the co-leader of the Corps of Discovery (1804–1806), which was commissioned by Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase.

Henry Clay

known as the "Great Compromiser" for his role in brokering key sectional agreements, including the Missouri Compromise of 1820. As a leading War Hawk and Whig leader, he championed the American System—a nationalist program advocating for a protective tariff, a national bank, and federally funded internal improvements. His influence shaped the era's economic policy and repeatedly postponed the national crisis over slavery.

Frederick Douglass

A crucial figure in the abolitionist movement, His eloquence as an orator and editor of the antislavery newspaper The North Star helped shape public opinion and push abolition from a fringe idea toward a national moral issue.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

As the leading voice of the Transcendentalist movement, He promoted the ideals of individualism, self-reliance, and a direct, intuitive understanding of truth, asserting that a divine spark resided within every person.

Charles Grandison Finney

The most influential revivalist preacher during the Second Great Awakening, He pioneered "new measures" of evangelism, such as public prayer for sinners and emotional preaching, which emphasized that salvation was a matter of individual free will and choice.

Margaret Fuller

Closely associated with the Transcendentalist movement and intellectual circles of Ralph Waldo Emerson. As an influential feminist writer and editor of the transcendentalist journal The Dial, she famously published "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" (1845), which challenged traditional gender roles and demanded greater intellectual and social equality for women.

William Lloyd Garrison

He began publishing The Liberator, an influential abolitionist newspaper that demanded the immediate, uncompensated abolition of slavery without political compromise. Also he began publishing The Liberator, an influential abolitionist newspaper that demanded the immediate, uncompensated abolition of slavery without political compromise. for creating the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).

Grimke Sisters

These people who were unique as Southern women who publicly denounced slavery after moving North. Their advocacy for abolition led them to confront societal restrictions on women's public speaking, causing them to connect the fight against slavery with the fight for women's rights.

William Henry Harrison

As a general, his victory over Tecumseh's confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) cemented his fame and facilitated American expansion into the Northwest Territory. Though his election as the first Whig President occurred at the very end of the period (1840), his subsequent death just 31 days into office made him the shortest-serving president in U.S. history and immediately precipitated a constitutional crisis.

Sam Houston

An important military and political figure whose actions significantly contributed to westward expansion in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848). As the commander of the Texan army, he led the decisive victory at the Battle of San Jacinto (1836), securing Texas's independence from Mexico.

Washington Irving

The first American author to gain international literary fame, successfully establishing a distinct American voice in literature. He is best known for his collections of short stories, including The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819-1820), which featured enduring American folktales like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Irving's romantic tales helped define a unique American cultural landscape, drawing heavily on European folklore but grounding them in American settings and themes.

Andrew Jackson

Ushering in the "Age of the Common Man" and championing a populist democratic movement. As the seventh President, he expanded presidential power through actions like vetoing the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States and famously threatened to use military force to resolve the Nullification Crisis. However, his legacy is controversial due to his aggressive support for the Indian Removal Act and the subsequent Trail of Tears.

Thomas Jefferson

His presidency is defined by the significant Louisiana Purchase (1803), which dramatically expanded U.S. territory and committed the country to westward expansion.

Meriwither Lewis

As the principal leader of the Corps of Discovery (1804–1806), commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. His primary task, along with William Clark, was to explore and map the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase, seeking a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

Toussaint L’Overture

As the leader of the Haitian Revolution. His successful rebellion against French rule in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) ultimately led Napoleon to abandon his North American empire and sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803.

William Marbury

His resulting lawsuit against Secretary of State James Madison became the landmark Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to establish the principle of judicial review, significantly expanding the power of the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.

John Marshall

His landmark decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare laws unconstitutional. Marshall's decisions generally favored national unity and business interests, upholding the sanctity of contracts and defining the necessary supremacy of federal law.

James Monroe

Defined the "Era of Good Feelings" in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848), characterized by a sense of national unity following the War of 1812 and the effective collapse of the Federalist Party. His administration is most famous for issuing the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which declared the Western Hemisphere closed to future European colonization and intervention.

Samuel Morse

The inventor of the practical commercial telegraph and the standardized Morse Code. The telegraph rapidly became an essential tool for business, journalism, and railroads, fundamentally transforming the American economy and contributing to national unity.

Solomon Northup

His 1853 memoir, Twelve Years a Slave, vividly documented the psychological and physical horrors of the Southern plantation system, providing a powerful, firsthand account that fueled the abolitionist cause in the decade before the Civil War.

James K. Polk

A decisive and expansionist president during the latter part of APUSH Time Period 4 (1800-1848), ledging to acquire all of Oregon and Texas, he successfully oversaw the annexation of Texas and pushed the country into the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The resulting Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo secured the massive Mexican Cession, fulfilling the dream of Manifest Destiny and adding more territory to the U.S. than any other president except Jefferson.

Sacagawea

Served as an interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) from 1805 to 1806. Her presence, particularly with her infant son, was crucial for establishing peaceful relations with Native American tribes along the route, convincing them the expedition was not a war party.

Santa Anna

He personally led the Mexican forces that defeated the Texan defenders at the Alamo (1836), but was later defeated and captured by Sam Houston's army at the Battle of San Jacinto, which secured Texas independence.

Winfield Scott

His successful campaign during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) culminated in the capture of Mexico City, effectively ending the war and securing the vast Mexican Cession.

Samuel Slater

Is credited with initiating the Industrial Revolution in the United States. Having worked in British textile mills, he secretly memorized the designs for spinning machinery and brought them to America in 1789, earning him the moniker "Father of the American Factory System."

Joseph Smith

Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in 1830. Claiming to have received divine revelations, he published the Book of Mormon, establishing a new American-originated faith during the intense spiritual fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Along with Lucretia Mott, she organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. At this convention, she drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, which proclaimed that "all men and women are created equal" and demanded woman suffrage, setting the agenda for decades of future activism.

Zachary Taylor

A military hero for his decisive victories in the Mexican-American War, he was elected the 12th U.S. President in 1848 as a Whig, but his short term was dominated by the intense sectional crisis over slavery's expansion into the newly acquired Mexican Cession.

Tecumseh

a Shawnee chief and warrior who became a pivotal figure, His alliance with the British during the War of 1812 made him a formidable enemy of the U.S. and his death in 1813 marked the collapse of his confederacy and a major blow to Native American resistance east of the Mississippi.

Henry David Thoreau

A leading American philosopher and writer associated with the Transcendentalist movement in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848). He championed the ideas of self-reliance and simple living, famously practicing these principles by residing for two years in a cabin near Walden Pond.

Nat Turner

an enslaved preacher and pivotal figure in APUSH Time Period 4 (1800–1848) who led the bloodiest slave revolt in U.S. history in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831.

John Tyler

Upon the sudden death of William Henry Harrison in 1841, setting the precedent for full presidential succession. Known by his Whig opponents as "His Accidency," he was soon expelled from the party for vetoing Whig-sponsored legislation, like the re-establishment of a national bank, due to his strong adherence to states' rights.

Martin van Buren

His presidency was immediately overshadowed by the devastating Panic of 1837, a financial crisis that critics unfairly blamed on him, earning him the nickname "Martin Van Ruin."

Eli Whitney

Most famous for inventing the cotton gin in 1793, a machine that efficiently separated cotton fiber from seeds. While his invention made short-staple cotton enormously profitable and fueled the textile industry, it inadvertently caused a dramatic increase in the demand for enslaved labor to plant and harvest the vastly expanded cotton crops. Whitney is also credited with popularizing the concept of interchangeable parts in American manufacturing, a technique that laid the groundwork for modern mass production methods.

Brigham Young

The second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in 1847, succeeding the murdered Joseph Smith. Due to intense persecution, Young organized and led the massive Mormon migration of thousands of followers westward to the Great Salt Lake Valley, then part of Mexico.