Ehrlich - Pathology of Skeletal System, Ehrlich - Pathology of Muscular System, Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Ehrlich - Pathology of Lymphatic and Immune System, Pathology of Respiratory System, Pathology of Digestive System, Pathology of Urina…

ankylosis

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

arthrosclerosis

stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

chondromalacia

abnormal softening of cartilage

chondroma

benign tumor of cartilage

costochondritis

inflammation of rib cartilage

hallux vulgas/bunion

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

hemarthrosis

blood within joint

polymylagia rheumatica

geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

rheumatism

obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue

sprain

ligament that connects bones to joint is wrenched or torn

synovitis

Inflammation of synovial membrane, resulting in swelling and pain of affected joint

dislocation/luxation

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

sublaxation

partial dislocation

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

osteoarthritis/wear-tear arthritis

most commonly associated with aging

degenerative joint disease

wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints

osteophytes

bone spurs

spondylosis (spinal osteoarthritis)

degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

gouty arthritis/gout

inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid

rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

ankylosing spondylitis

a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

herniated disk (slipped/ruptured disk)

the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

lumbago

pain of lumbar region of spine

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping of one vertebra over another in lower lumbar or sacrum

spina bifida

congenital defect in which spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

kyphosis

abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine

lordosis

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

craniostenosis

a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

fibrous dysplasia

a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue

ostealgia/osteodynia

bone pain

osteomalacia/adult rickets

abnormal softening of bones in adults caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and/or phosphate

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

osteonecrosis

death of bone tissue

Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)

a chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum

rickets (infantile osteomalacia)

vitamin D deficiency causes defective bone growth

short stature (dwarfism)

condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

talipes (clubfoot)

congenital deformity of foot involving talus

primary bone cancer

a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

Ewing's sarcoma

a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib

secondary bone cancer

tumors that metastasized to bone

myeloma

cancerous tumor of bone marrow affecting bone-making cells

Osteochondroma (exostosis)

a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

osteoporosis

marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density

compression fracture

bone is pressed together on itself

dowager's hump

kyphosis due to compression fracture

Colles' fracture

fracture of distal radius at wrist

osteoporotic hip fracture

usually caused by a weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

closed fracture (simple or complete)

broken bone with no open wound

open fracture (compound)

broken bone with open wound

comminuted fracture

bone is splintered or crushed

greenstick fracture

bone breaks incompletely

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

pathologic fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

stress fracture

a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

fat embolus

when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

crepitation (crepitus)

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

callus

bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone

arthrodesis

surgical fusion to stiffen joint

arthrolysis

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

arthroscopic surgery

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

chondroplasty

surgical repair of cartilage

synovectomy

excision of the synovial membrane

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia

fibromyalgia syndrome

chronic disorder of unknown cause characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points and fatigue

tenosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath

tendinitis

inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.

adhesion

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

atrophy

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

myalgia

muscle pain

myocele

hernia of a muscle

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

myorrhexis

rupture of a muscle

polymositis

simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in parts of the body

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

muscle tone

the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

dystonia

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

hyotonia

decreased muscle tone

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination

contracture

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint; elastic --> nonelastic fibrous tissue

intermittent claudication

pain in leg muscles from exercise and relieved by rest

claudication

limping

spasm

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

cramp

painful localized muscle spasm

spasmodic torticollis (wryneck)

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

bradykinesia

slow movement

dyskinesia

impaired voluntary movement

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

myoclonus

the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

nocturnal myoclonus

jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep

singultus

hiccups

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles