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ankylosis
the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondroma
benign tumor of cartilage
costochondritis
inflammation of rib cartilage
hallux vulgas/bunion
abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
hemarthrosis
blood within joint
polymylagia rheumatica
geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
rheumatism
obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue
sprain
ligament that connects bones to joint is wrenched or torn
synovitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane, resulting in swelling and pain of affected joint
dislocation/luxation
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
sublaxation
partial dislocation
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
osteoarthritis/wear-tear arthritis
most commonly associated with aging
degenerative joint disease
wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints
osteophytes
bone spurs
spondylosis (spinal osteoarthritis)
degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
gouty arthritis/gout
inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid
rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
ankylosing spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
herniated disk (slipped/ruptured disk)
the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
lumbago
pain of lumbar region of spine
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of one vertebra over another in lower lumbar or sacrum
spina bifida
congenital defect in which spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
kyphosis
abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
craniostenosis
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
fibrous dysplasia
a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue
ostealgia/osteodynia
bone pain
osteomalacia/adult rickets
abnormal softening of bones in adults caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and/or phosphate
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)
a chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum
rickets (infantile osteomalacia)
vitamin D deficiency causes defective bone growth
short stature (dwarfism)
condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
talipes (clubfoot)
congenital deformity of foot involving talus
primary bone cancer
a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
Ewing's sarcoma
a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib
secondary bone cancer
tumors that metastasized to bone
myeloma
cancerous tumor of bone marrow affecting bone-making cells
Osteochondroma (exostosis)
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density
compression fracture
bone is pressed together on itself
dowager's hump
kyphosis due to compression fracture
Colles' fracture
fracture of distal radius at wrist
osteoporotic hip fracture
usually caused by a weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
closed fracture (simple or complete)
broken bone with no open wound
open fracture (compound)
broken bone with open wound
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to the bone
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
stress fracture
a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
fat embolus
when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
crepitation (crepitus)
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
callus
bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone
arthrodesis
surgical fusion to stiffen joint
arthrolysis
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
chondroplasty
surgical repair of cartilage
synovectomy
excision of the synovial membrane
fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
fibromyalgia syndrome
chronic disorder of unknown cause characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points and fatigue
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath
tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
myalgia
muscle pain
myocele
hernia of a muscle
myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue
myorrhexis
rupture of a muscle
polymositis
simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in parts of the body
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
muscle tone
the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
hyotonia
decreased muscle tone
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint; elastic --> nonelastic fibrous tissue
intermittent claudication
pain in leg muscles from exercise and relieved by rest
claudication
limping
spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
cramp
painful localized muscle spasm
spasmodic torticollis (wryneck)
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
bradykinesia
slow movement
dyskinesia
impaired voluntary movement
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
myoclonus
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
nocturnal myoclonus
jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
singultus
hiccups
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles