Molecular shape, functional groups and isomerism

functional groups

part of molecules involved in chemical reactions

hydroxyl

alcohol - OH-

amino

amines - NH2

sulphhydryl

thiols - SH

carbonyl

C=O

aldehyde

COH - carbonyl at end of molecule

ketone

carbonyl in middle of molecule

carboxylic acid

COOH

phosphate

P, bonded to 4 Os - 1 double bond, 3 single

isomer

two organic molecules with same number of atoms of same elements, but different structures

structural isomer

differ in covalent partners

geometric isomer

differ in arrangement around a double bond

cis isomer

molecule where similar atoms/groups are positioned on the same side of a double bond

trans isomer

isomer where the functional groups are located on the other side of the double bond

enantiomers

molecules which only differ in spatial arrangement of groups around a central, asymmetric carbon atom - mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed on each other