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Tomasso || Tuesday 8:30am
Where do fish come from
Eggs except a few examples are guppies
Why do fish hatch fastly
To avoid be consumed by other fish
Yolk sac larvae
An egg that can move and swim but not eat t
What develops the fishes digestive tract
Oil globule
Post Larvae
Small fish that can eat and swim
Dorsal fin
Top fin ( can be two or just one long )
Pelvic fin
Steering and hold postion
Anal fin
Single fin on midline for stability
caudal fin
Main motor of fish
Tots length
Tip of the tail to tip of nose
Fork length
Tip of the nose to the forked tail
standard length
Tip of the nose to the Caudal fin
What do fish have that we don't
Swim bladder
Pyloric caeca
Bags of bacteria that aid in digestion
Operculum
Bony flap that opens up to posterior
Placoid scale
Small scale in sharks
Ganoid scale
Sturgeon scale
Cycloid scale
Thin round scales
Ctenoid scales
Largemouth bass scales
Inferior postion
Bottom
subterminal
Bottom or offside
Terminal side
In front of them
Superior mouth
Off the surface
heart
Pumps fluid through circulatory system
How do hearts work ?
Means of contraction
What do contractions create
Pulses with blood and pressure
Human and bird heart have what
Four chambers with a double circuit
What do the double circuits allow for
Blood to be sent to tissues at higher pressures than a single circuit
What requires our 4 chamber heart?
Us homeotherms require it in order to maintain a higher metabolic rate
What did our hearts evolve from
Single chamber
All blood cells are lined with specialized epithelial cells called
Vascular endothelium
A site of gas nutrients and waste exchange
Capillaries
Do fish have open or closed circulatory systems?
closed
fish heart
Single circuit with 2 chambers where blood flows from gills to body
Where is blood collected in a fish
Sinus venosus
Do fish expend energy to hold postion
No
poikiotherms
Take the body temperature of the environment or water they are in
Fish are horizontal, does this require more or less pressure to push blood
Less pressure
Swimming action does what to blood pressure
Compressed vessels and helps it move
Where is accessory gas exchange helpful ?
In fishes that spend time in low oxygen water
Lacunae
Small interconnected spaces in tissue that hemolymph flows through
Sinuses
Large open areas that collect hemolymph
Metabolism
Processes by which energy is acquired , transformed, and channeled into useful functions
catabolic chemical reactions
involve breaking down big molecules such as in digestion and energy consumption
Anabolic chemical reactions
create molecules such as synthesis of proteins to make new muscle. ( small to big )
Energy
The capacity to do mechanical work or increase order
first law of thermodynamics
Energy is neither consumed nor created. It simply changes form
metabolic rate
The rate of energy consumption with an organism
metabolic rate
Rate at which chemical energy is converted to heat or work
1 calorie
Energy needed to raise 1 g of water
1 kilocalorie
1000 calories
1 calorie
4.184 joules
1 watt
1 joule per second
Direct calorimetery
Measures heat production
indirect calorimetry
Respiratory gas exchange with a material balance
Two things that indirect calorimetry can measure
Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
basic metabolic rate
Metabolic rate of a homeotherm when resting and fasting
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
Does metabolic rate increase of decrease after u eat
Increase
Your metabolic rate increases depending on what
The amount of food you eat
allometric relationship
a relative increase in a physical or physiological property of an organism in relation to its body size
Forced fines distance =
Energy
potential energy
Water stored behind a dam or in a chemical bond
kinetic energy
Energy stored in the motion of the ocean
open system
exchange both matter and energy with environment
closed system
Exchange energy but not matter
biological systems
Obey same principles as do mechanicals systems only more complex
Law of Constant Heat Sums
Chemical reaction that starts and finish with the same substance liberate or consume the same amount of energy regardless of the pathway
second law or thermodynamics
a partial conversion to heat is inevitable
chemical reaction
Break bonds between atoms to release energy
Nuclear reactions involve
Break atoms to release energy in part of mass of an atom
What are the two reasons animals eat food
To obtain energy and nutrients
Nutrients and energy are not inside the animal until when
They cross from gut to blood
Assimilation
Animals are a " tube within a tube "
About what percent of what you eat is used to supper brain function
20 percent
Why must the feed we offer be balanced ?
So it keeps a good production ratio
Thermal Biology
Understanding how environmental temperature affects animals
Thermoregulation
the maintenance of a relatively constant body temp
Thermoconformation
Body temp reflects outside temp
Endothermy
Body tissues are warmed by the production of metabolic heat
Ectothermy
Body tissues are warmed By the heat from the environment
Poikilotherms
Animals that allow their body temperature to conform to the environment
Homeotherms
Animals that thermoregulate by physiological means
Heterothermy
Differences in thermal relations within an individual over time or from one body region to another
Homeothermy Characteristics
Allows animals to remain active in cold weather
Poikilotherms
Animals are not active during cold
Heat
Form of energy represented by motion of atoms and molecules
Absolute zero
Temp at which atomic and molecular motion are at the minimum
Temperature
A measure of motion of the atoms and molecules
Conduction
Transfer through motionless substance
Convection
Transfer through macroscopic flowing fluid flow
Evaporation
Change of water to gas ( carries heat away )
Radiation
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
direction of heat transfer
Heat tends to move from a region of higher temp to a region of lower temp
How many mechanism of heat transfer are usually at work on a animal
More than one
Thermononuetral zone
Resting metalbolic rate does not change over a rate of temperatures
How do animals thermoregulate
Modulation of insulation.
How do you increase the effectiveness of insulation
Erection of hairs and feathers
pilomotor muscles
cause erection of the hairs of the skin in response to a chilly environment, emotional stimulus, or skin irritation
Vasometer response
Less blood flow to skin and superficial parts of animals
Note 
Flashcard (34)