Joints: Anatomy and Physiology (chp 9)

A series of flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to the anatomy and physiology of joints.

Joint

-A point of contact between two or more bones, cartilage and bone, or teeth and bone

-aka articulation/arthrosis

Fibrous Joints

-lack articular cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue, little/no movement

-sutures; synotosis

-Syndesmoses; interosseous ligament, interosseous membrane, gomphosis

Cartilaginous Joints

-lack articular cavity, held tgt with cartilage connective tissue, little/no movement

-eg; synchondroses, symphyses

Synovial Joints

-has articular cavity, connecting bones covered with articular cartilage held tgt by ligaments, surrounded/sealed off by articular capsule

-contains bursae (sac’s, cushion movements of body parts) n tendon sheaths (tube like bursae, helps with friction around tendons)

-large rom

Functional Joint Classifications

-synarthoses: immovable, suture

-ampiarthroses: slightly moveable, pubic symphysis

-diarthoses: freely moveable, elbow

Sutures

Fibrous joints found between skull bones; they are immovable.

Flexion

Decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in a forward direction.

Extension

Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually backwards.

Abduction

Movement of bone away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of bone toward the midline of the body.

Gliding

-flat bones moving back n forth or side to side, little change in angle between bones

Circumduction

Circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Plane Joint

• Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved

• back/forth, side/side, rotate

Pivot Joint

• rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed by bone n ligament

• Rotation

Hinge Joint

• convex surface fits into concave surface

• Flexion/extension

Condyloid Joint

• oval shaped projection fits into oval shaped depression

• Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Saddle Joint

• articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, articular surface of other bone “sits in saddle

• Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Ball n Socket Joint

• ball like surface fits into cuplike depression

• Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation

Factors Affecting ROM at Synovial Jointa

• structure/shape of articulating bones

• Strength n tension of joint ligaments

• Muscle arrangement n tension

• Soft part contact

• Hormones

• Disuse

Suture

-between skull bones

-fibrous

-no movement

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

-between atlas n condyles of occipital bone

-synovial (Ellipsoid)

-nods head up n down, lat flexion of head

Atlanto-Axial Joint

-between atlas n axis

-synovial (pivot)

-rotate head

Radioulnar Joint

-radius head n notch of ulna

-synovial (pivot)

-Forearm rotation

Wrist Joint

-Radius n metacarpals

-synovial (ellipsoid)

-lots of movement of wrist

Interphalangeal Joint

-heads of phalanges n bases of distal phalanges

-synovial (hinge)

-flexion/extension of phalanges

Pubic Symphysis Joint

-between anterior surfaces of hip bones

-cartilaginous (symphysis)

-slight movement, more during pregnancy

Ankle (talocrural) Joint

-between tibia n talus

-synovial (hinge)

-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

Intertarsal Joint

-talus n tarsus

-synovial (plane and saddle)

-inversion n eversion of foot

TMJ (synovial)

-meniscus, lateral ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament

-

Shoulder Joint (ball n socket)

-coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments, transverse humeral ligament, glenoid labrum, bursae

Rotator Cuff Injury

An injury caused by wear and tear, often associated with repetitive shoulder motion.

Dislocated Shoulder

Condition where the head of the humerus becomes displaced from the glenoid cavity.

Elbow Joint (hinge)

Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament of radius

-tennis elbow: pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus

-littlle league elbow: medial epicondyle inflammation

-radial head dislocation:radius head slides past radial annular ligament

Hip Joint (Ball n socket)

-Iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, ligament of the head of the femur, acetabular labrum, transverse acetabular ligament

Knee Joint (modified, hinge)

-Medial and lateral patellar retinacula, patellotibial

ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal

ligament, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral

ligament, intracapsular ligaments (ACL and PCL), articular discs, bursae

Arthroplasty

Surgical procedure for joint replacement.

Aging n Joints

-decreased synovial fluid production

-thinning of articular cartilage

-loss of ligament length n flexibility

Disorders

-lyme disease: disease affects joint

-tenosynovitis: inflammed bursa

-spain/strain: overstrecthed/tore ligaments, tendons, ligaments