APUSH Period 8

CONTAINMENT

Cold War Beginnings:

foreign policy during the Cold War: CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

Iron Curtain

Cold War Beginnings:

the metaphorical term coined by Winston Churchill used to describe the divide in Europe between Democratic West Europe and Communistic East Europe

Division of Germany/Berlin

Cold War Beginnings:

After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 military zones that went to the US, Britain, France, and USSR. Eventually though, US, Britain, and France combined their zones to make WEST GERMANY(which was democratic), and the USSR became EAST GERMANY

Marshall Plan

Cold War Beginnings:

U.S. would provide food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Europe after WWII

Truman Doctrine

Cold War Beginnings:

U.S. providing $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece in their fight against communism. Truman is pledging that the US will fight to stop the spread of communism worldwide.

UN

Cold War Beginnings:

International organization intended to protect members from future war and maintain peace throughout the world

NATO

Cold War Beginnings:

Defensive military alliance between the US, Canada, and 10 other western European countries. An attack on any NATO member would be met with armed force by all nations.

Berlin Airlift

Cold War Beginnings:

After WWII, Berlin was also divided into military zones by the 4 allied countries, but fell in Soviet zone. Soviets were angry by the formation of West Germany and took over West Berlin. Soviets blockaded the city. In response, the Allies flew flood and supplies into West Berlin until the Soviets ended the blockade.

Korean War (causes & outcomes)

Cold War Beginnings:

CAUSES: After WWII, Korea was divided into 2 countries. North Korea and South Korea were separated at the 38th Parallel line. Communism took hold in the north. In 1950, North Korea crosses the 38th Parallel and invades the US, so the US sends in troops to aid South Korea, Communist USSR and China aid North Korea.

OUTCOMES: Korea remained divided into 2 countries

Fair Deal

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

a series of domestic reforms proposed by President Harry S. Truman aimed at improving social welfare and economic security. It included initiatives for healthcare, education, and civil rights, although many proposals faced opposition in Congress.

Dixiecrats

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party that opposed civil rights initiatives and supported segregation, particularly in the South.

22nd Amendment

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

limited presidential terms to 2

Taft-Harley Act

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

a labor law enacted in 1947 that aimed to balance the power of labor unions and employers. It restricted union activities, allowing states to pass right-to-work laws.

GI Bill

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

aimed to offer support to veterans that fought in the Korean War. It provided education benefits, housing assistance, and access to low-interest loans for veterans returning to civilian life.

Integration of troops

Truman (D) (1945-1953)

the process of desegregating the military, allowing African Americans to serve alongside white soldiers

Interstate system

Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)

a network of highways designed for efficient transportation across the United States, especially thought to be utilized in case of crisis

U-2 Incident

Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)

a Cold War event occurring in 1960 when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace, leading to heightened tensions between the US and the USSR.

Brinkmanship

Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)

go to the brink of war to achieve favorable negotiations or outcomes, particularly during the Cold War.

Space Race

Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)

competition between the US and USSR to achieve advancements in space exploration and technology, particularly during the Cold War.

New Frontier

Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)

a domestic program proposed by President John F. Kennedy focused on civil rights, economic growth, and space exploration, aimed at addressing social issues and promoting progress in America.

Flexible Response

Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)

a defense strategy that emphasized the use of multiple types of military responses, including conventional forces and nuclear deterrents, to appropriately address various threats during the Cold War.

Bay of Pigs

Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)

a failed CIA-backed invasion of Cuba aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro's government, which significantly embarrassed the Kennedy administration and heightened Cold War tensions.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)

a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba, which brought the world close to nuclear war and led to a peaceful resolution.

GREAT SOCIETY

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

the goal to eliminate poverty and racial injustice that exists in American society

War on poverty

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

a key component of the Great Society initiatives aimed at reducing poverty through various social programs and economic reforms.

Flexible Response

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

he continued JFK’s policy; a military strategy that emphasized the use of conventional forces and a range of options, rather than relying solely on nuclear weapons, to address international conflicts.

Medicare/Medicaid

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

healthcare programs established under the Great Society to provide health insurance for the elderly and low-income individuals.

Immigration Act 1965

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

allowing for increased immigration from non-European countries and emphasizing family reunification.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and aimed to end segregation in public places.

New Federalism

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a political philosophy that aimed to transfer some powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states, advocating for more local control and fiscal responsibility.

Stagflation

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

an economic condition characterized by stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation, challenging traditional economic policies.

Detente

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a NEW foreign policy strategy aimed at easing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, often involving negotiations and arms limitation agreements.

Realpolitik

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a foreign policy approach focusing on practical and pragmatic considerations rather than moral or ideological concerns, emphasizing national interests in international relations (basically the US doesn’t care if a country is communist anymore, instead the US focuses on the POWER of the country)

Vietnamization

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a policy aiming to gradually withdraw American troops from Vietnam

Southern Strategy

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a political strategy used by Nixon's campaign to gain the support of Southern white voters by appealing to their racial tensions and opposition to desegregation.

Watergate

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up by the Nixon administration, leading to Nixon's resignation.

Oil Crisis

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

the OPEC (the oil supplier to the US) cut the US off for its support of Israel, leading to skyrocketing prices and economic instability in the United States.

SALT I Treaty

Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

a strategic arms limitation agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, aimed at curbing the arms race, signed in 1972.

Pardon Nixon

Ford (R) (1974-1977)

pardoned Nixon from his crimes related to the Watergate scandal, allowing him to avoid prosecution.

Human Rights Diplomacy

Carter (D) (1977-1981)

NEW foreign policy that emphasized the promotion of human rights and democracy globally, often using diplomatic pressure to address human rights violations.

Panama Canal

Carter (D) (1977-1981)

negotiated the treaties that transferred control of the Panama Canal from the United States back to Panama.

Camp David Accords

Carter (D) (1977-1981)

a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, brokered by President Carter in 1978, which led to the normalization of relations between the two countries.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Carter (D) (1977-1981)

a diplomatic standoff where 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days at the US Embassy in Tehran, following the Iranian Revolution.

Red Scare

1950s:

a period of intense fear of communism, characterized by government actions to root out perceived communist influences within the United States, including the actions led by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Alger Hiss

1950s:

an American government official accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of perjury for denying espionage.

Rosenbergs

1950s:

the American couple, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of espionage for allegedly passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union and executed in 1953.

HUAC

1950s:

House Un-American Activities Committee, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives established to investigate disloyalty and subversive activities among private citizens and government officials (made in response to claims that communists were in the American government)

McCarthyism

1950s:

a campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. It was characterized by aggressive investigations and questioning.

Baby Boom

1950s:

a significant increase in birth rates following World War II because of economic prosperity and a societal focus on family life.

Beat Movement (Beatniks)

1950s:

a literary and cultural movement characterized by a rejection of conventional society and a focus on spirituality, exploration of sexuality, and experimentation with drugs, prominently featured writers such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

Counter-culture

1960s-1970s:

a social movement opposing mainstream values, emphasizing peace, love, and artistic expression, often associated with the HIPPIE movement.

Women

1960s-1970s:

a period marked by the rise of feminist movements advocating for equal rights, reproductive freedoms, and challenging traditional gender roles.

NOW (National Organization for Women)

1960s-1970s:

the NOW was a group formed to advocate for women's rights, focusing on issues such as equal pay, reproductive rights, and combating discrimination.

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

1960s-1970s:

a proposed amendment aimed at guaranteeing equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex, ensuring that rights cannot be denied based on gender. (DID NOT PASS)

Title IX

1960s-1970s:

a federal civil rights law in the United States, enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. The law aims to provide equal opportunities for men and women in education

AIM

1960s-1970s:

AIM was Indian advocacy group focused on securing rights and improving conditions for Native Americans, including issues of sovereignty, treaty rights, and social justice.

United Farm Workers

1960s-1970s:

a labor union for farmworkers in the United States, founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It was instrumental in advocating for better working conditions, wages, and labor rights for migrant agricultural workers.

SDS

1960s-1970s:

SDS was a student-led organization that emerged from the New Left movement, advocating for civil rights, anti-war efforts, and social change during the 1960s.

Silent Spring

1960s-1970s:

A groundbreaking environmental book written by Rachel Carson that raised awareness about the dangers of pesticides and their impact on the ecosystem.

Three Mile Island

1960s-1970s:

A nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania where a partial meltdown occurred in 1979, leading to a significant nuclear accident and increased public concern over nuclear safety.

EPA

1960s-1970s:

the Environmental Protection Agency that was put in place to regulate and enforce environmental laws in the United States.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Movement:

was created by LBJ to end segregation in public places and ban employment discrimination

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Civil Rights Movement:

eliminated the literacy tests

24th Amendment

Civil Rights Movement:

eliminated poll tax

SCLC

Civil Rights Movement:

A civil rights organization founded in 1957, focused on nonviolent protest and led by Martin Luther King Jr.

SNCC

Civil Rights Movement:

a student-led organization that played a key role in the fight against segregation and for voting rights, particularly in the South. It stood for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

Freedom Summer

Civil Rights Movement:

a campaign in 1964 to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi. It aimed to combat racial discrimination and violence.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil Rights Movement:

A prominent leader who advocated for nonviolent resistance and played a key role in advancing civil rights through speeches, protests, and civil disobedience. His group was SCLC and he is best known for his "I Have a Dream" speech delivered during the 1963 March on Washington.

Malcom X

Civil Rights Movement:

Malcom X was pro separation of whites and blacks because he believed in Black Power and advocated for self-defense against racial oppression. He was a prominent leader in the Nation of Islam before eventually evolving his views on race relations.

Domino Theory

Vietnam War:

the fear that if one country fell to communism than others would fall too, which was a primary reason for entering the Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Vietnam War:

gave the President broad war powers to take military action in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war from Congress. This was a response to reported attacks on American ships by North Vietnamese forces.

Tet Offensive

Vietnam War:

a significant series of surprise attacks by North Vietnamese forces on South Vietnamese and American forces in January 1968, which ultimately turned public opinion against the war.

Pentagon Papers

Vietnam War:

a classified Department of Defense report that revealed the U.S. government's misleading information about the Vietnam War, highlighting doubts about the war's success and increasing public skepticism.

My Lai Massacre

Vietnam War:

an incident in 1968 where American soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, worsening anti-war sentiment and raising moral questions about U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Living Room War

Vietnam War:

This was the term Americans used to describe the Vietnam War because it was the first war with live coverage displayed on the TVs in the homes of Americans, allowing them to see all the horrors of the war, which contradicted the statements on the government at the time. This led to a distrust of government.

Doves vs Hawks

Vietnam War:

Doves were the people in America were against the Vietnam War and wanted the President to pull the troops out

Hawks were the people in America were in support of the Vietnam War and wanted the President to keep the troops there

Kent State

Vietnam War:

On May 4, 1970, the Kent State Shooting occurred when Ohio National Guardsmen fired on unarmed college students protesting the United States invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War, resulting in four students dead and nine injured. This incident became a pivotal moment in the anti-war movement, symbolizing the intense division in American society regarding the war.

26th Amendment

Vietnam War:

Lowered voting age to 18.

War Powers Act

Vietnam War:

got rid of the President’s broad war powers

Brown vs Board of Education

Supreme Court:

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools.

Tinker vs Des Moines

Supreme Court:

A landmark case regarding student free speech rights in public schools that established that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school.

Roe vs Wade

Supreme Court:

case that legalized abortion in the United States, ruling that a woman's right to choose was protected under the right to privacy.

Miranda vs Arizona

Supreme Court:

case that established the requirement for police to inform arrested individuals of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. (MIRANDA RIGHTS)

Gideon vs Wainwright

Supreme Court:

case that guaranteed the right to free legal counsel for defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford an attorney. (WRIGHT TO AN ATTORNEY)