Chemistry Terms & Definitions: Exam 1 Study Set

ester hydrolysis results in what

break ester into carboxylic acid and alcohol

primary function of methylation

attenuation of activity

very weak forces that occur between all atoms and molecules

van der waals

coenzyme involved in sulfate conjugation

PAPS

which compounds undergo methylation reactions?

phenol, catechol, tertiary amine, thiol and aromatic amine

sharing electroms

covalent

formed between ions of opposite charges

ionic bonding

with who is acetylation rapid?

eskimos and orientals

with who is acetylation slow?

egyptian and west european

what enzyme activates glucuronic acid?

UDP: Uridine-5-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase

B-glucuronidases

break down glucuronide in the intestine during enteroheptic circling

oxidation of alkene leads to what?

vicinal diol(epoxide in the middle)

on what functional groups does sulfate conjugation occur on?

phenols, aromatic amines, alcohols, n-hydroxy compounds

addition of acetyl group to a nitrogen: carbonyl

n-acetylation

enzyme for conjugation with glycine and glutamine

n-acyltransferase

helps to detoxify reactive electrophilic species that may covalent bond with nucleophilic groups

conjugation with glutathione

turning an amine into an amide

acetylation

conjugation of glutathione enzyme

glutathione s-transferases

enzyme used for deamination

MAO

primary alcohol oxidation results in

alcohol to aldehyde to carboxylic acid

secondary alcohol oxidation results in

alcohol to ketone

tertiary alcohol oxidation results in

no reaction

amide hydrolysis results in what

breaking of amide bond to make carboxylic acid and amine

esterases does what?

hydrolyzies ester links: uses water to break ester bonds into alcohol and carboxylic acid

amidases do what?

hydrolyze amide bond: uses water to break amide bonds

makes amine and carboxylic acid

what enzyme does sulfate conjugation?

sulfotransferases

aromatic hydroxylation

add alcohol to benzene ring to make a phenol

must be para to the substituent on the ring

activating groups

OH, OCH, NH2, NHR, and alkyl groups

deactivating groups

F, Cl, Br, NO2, SO2NHR, COR

what is the intermediate in aromatic hydroxylation?

arene oxide

aliphatic hydroxylation

add a alcohol to aliphatic

O-demethylation

oxidation of ether to an alcohol and formaldehyde(aldehyde)

n-deethylation

remove ethyl group from secondary nitrogen to make amide and ethanal(aldehyde)

ketone reduction

secondary alcohol

nitro group reduction

primary amine

azo group reduction

two primary amines

ester hydrolysis

carboxylic acid + alcohol

Hydrolases

enzymes that use water to break something

amide hydrolysis

carboxylic acid + amine

Olefinic oxidation

oxidation of olefinic double bond leads to epoxide then leads to trans-diol

benzylic carbon oxidation

benzene carbon to primary alcohol then carboxylic acid

benzylic carbon

allylic carbon

carbon bonded to a carbon with a double bond

allylic carbon oxidation

add OH group to carbon attached to carbon carbon double bond

oxidation of carbon atom a to C=N

find carbon attached to a c=N and add OH to it

w(omega)-oxidation

oxidation at terminal carbon: add OH group to last carbon on none COOH end

w(omega)-1 oxidation

oxidation at penultimate carbon: add OH group to second to last carbon on non COOH end

Alicyclic Hydroxylation

Addition of hydroxyl group to a chair conformation

Oxidative N-dealkylation

removing alkyl group from nitrogen

-small group is preferentially removed

-first alkyl group is removed at faster rate than the second one

direct oxidation on N atoms

Addition of O to N

oxidative deamination

remove amine and add a carbonyl group to it, ammonia is released as by product

monoamine oxidases(MAO)

group of enzymes responsible for deamination

What does monoamine oxidase do?

breaks down catecholamines(dopamine, norepi, seratonine etc) through deamination

O-dealkylation

removing an alkyl group from oxygen in ether: makes an aldehyde and OH group where the O was in the ether

what groups go through glucuronic acid conjugation?

phenols, and alcohols, amines, sulfonamides, and thiols

who goes through sulfate conjugation?

phenol or amine

S-dealkylation

Removal of alkyl group from S and makes a mercapto

desulfuration

removal of S and replace with O

direct oxidation of sulfur

Addition of O to S to make a sulfoxide

oxidation of alcohol

aldehyde and then to carboxylic acid

aromatization

turn a non-aromatic ring into an aromatic ring

-turn non aromatic carbonyl into hydroxyl and aromatic ring

dehalogenation

Removal of halogen to make a phosgene

phosgene

reduction of c=o

turn carbonyl group into alcohol group

what is palmitate ester made for?

to mask bitter taste

indanyl ester

increase absorption

what phase 2 reactions do not make it more water soluble?

methylation and acetylation

n-glucuronides

S-glucuronides

sulfate conjugation

n-methylation

s-methylation

coenzyme to reduce reactions

NADPH

coenzyme

substance that works with an enzyme

coenzyme for methylation

Sam: s-adenosylmethionine

coenzyme for acetylation

Aceyl CoA

coenzyme for oxidation

NADP+

enzyme for NO2 reduction

nitro reductase

hydrolyze ester

carboxylic acid and alcohol

enzyme to hydrolyze ester

esterases

aldo keto reductases

reduces ketone into alcohol

coenzyme of aldo keto reductase

NADPH: helps to turn carbonyl to alcohol

pro drug

formation of active drugs from deliberately masked drugs

which enzyme methylates catechols?

COMT

what coenzyme helps methylate catechols?

SAM

enzyme for glucuronic acid conjugation

UDP-glucuronyl transferase(UGT)

what is the glucuronic acid conjugation?

synthesis of activated glucuronic acid and enzymatic transfer by UGT

Steps of enterohepatic circulation

1.Drug undergoes glucuronidation in the liver

2. Glucuronide excreted in the bile

3. Hydrolyzed by b-Glucuronidases in intestine

4. Hydrolyzed drug reabsorbed in intestine

why does the body use enterohepatic circling?

to excrete things that have a molecular weight more than 300 DA

what is the job of cytochrome P-450?

transferring an oxygen atom to the substrate

where is the site of drug biotransformations?

liver

attaches polar and ionizable endogeneous group to acheive a more complete solubility

phase 2 reactions

what are the phase 1 reactions?

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

formaladehyde

vicinal diol

oxidation of secondary alcohol

ketone

enzyme that oxidizes alcohol to aldehyde

dehydrogenase

enzyme that oxidizes aldehyde to carboxylic acid

oxidase