BSC2085 lecture unit 3 exam ₍^. .^₎⟆

a muscle attachment site, which appears as a slightly raised and roughened area on the bone is called a __________.

tuberosity

thin bones that form the roof of the skull, the sternum, and the scapulae are considered ______.

flat bones

changing the magnitude and direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles is an illustration of the skeletal function of _______,

leverage

depressions, grooves, and tunnels in the bone indicate ____________.

where blood vessels or nerves lay alongside or penetrated bones

a smooth, grooved articulating process of bone shaped like a pulley is a

trochlea

a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a

sinus

where is sesamoid bone often found?

near joints at the knees, hands, and the feet

the carpals or wrist bones are examples of

short bones

which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or

foramen

the humerus and the femur are examples of what shape of bone?

long bones

small, flat, irregularly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull are

sutural bones

calcium is a very important substance for the propepr functioning of various body systems. which function of the skeletal system helps maintain calcium homeostasis?

mineral storage

which is not a function of the skeletal system?

contraction

what bone is accurately described as an irregular bone?

vertebra

a general term for a bony projection, often where a muscle, tendon, or ligament

process

functions of the skeletal system is possible because bone has a hard and strong extracellular matrix?

support
protection
leverage

a prominent ridge where ligaments or tendons attach to the bone is called a

crest

a large, rounded, articulating process of a bone is a

condyle

shielding the soft organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart with its hard, strong matrix is an example of which function of the skeletal system?

protection

an expanded joint surface shaped like a ball and found on the articular end of the epiphysis is called a

head

the small passageways that exist in the bone matrix to allow living bones cells to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes are called __________.

canaliculi

spaces in the bony matrix where osteocytes exist are

lacunae

narrow passageways that allow osteocytes to communicate with neighboring osteocytes are called

canaliculi

the term for the expanded end of a long bone where the joint surfaces are located is the

epiphysis

two thirds of a bone’s weight is composed of calcium phosphate which interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of

hydroxyapatite

cells that produce new bone matrix are called

osteoblastswh

which component of the bone stores energy?

yellow marrow

canals that extend perpendicularly through bone to supply blood to deeper osteons and to tissues of the medullary cavity are

perforating canals

one function of bone is to produce red and white blood cells. These cells are made in what substance in bone?

red marrowc

compact bone is characterized by many cylindrical osteons. osteons are formed by

lamella

effect of stress on a bone?

the bone will become thicker

spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones?

expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements

basic functional unit(s) of compact bone tissue are

osteons

bone tissue is NOT

made primarily of cells

as osteoclasts absorb and remove bone matrix, they leave shallow depressions called a(n

osteoclastic crypt

unlike compact bone, spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with

bone marrow

process of bone breakdown or erosion is called

osteolysis

NOT structural components of compact bone?

trabeculae

narrow zone that connects the epiphysis and the diaphysis of long bones is the

metaphysis

which component of bone is responsible for blood cell formation?

red bone marrow

giant, multinucleated cells involved in the process of osteolysis are

osteoclasts

meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that make up spongy bone are

trabeculae

removes and recycles bone

osteoclasts

even as an adult, we have populations of primitive cells that can produce osteoblasts. what are these cells called?

osteogenic cells

mature bone cells in lacunae are called

osteocytes

the outer dense connective tissue of a bone, the periosteum does what?

isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair

presence of which structure is a clear indication that the person has reached their adult height and has stopped growing?

epiphyseal line

statement concerning endochondral ossification is the most accurate?

primary ossification center begins replacing cartilage in the central region of the cartilage rod.

abnormal development of bone in non-skeletal tissues is called _____________ ossification.

heterotopic

appositional growth __________.

increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

bone replaces existing cartilage in

endochondral ossification

the result of overproduction of growth hormone after puberty can result in a condition called ___________.

acromegaly

the region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________.

cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty

how is the tendon connected to a bone so that it will withstand the force that must be applied by the muscle to move the bone?

the collagen fibers of the tendon as well as the periosteum are incorporated into the bone tissue.

which statement concerning endochondral ossification is the most accurate?

primary ossification center begins replacing cartilage in the central region of the cartilage rod.

result of overproduction of growth hormone before puberty can result in a condition called

gigantism

what type of tissue is replaced by bone in intramembranous ossification?

mesenchyme or embryonic fibrous connective tissue

the endosteum is found in all of the following places except the

covering the outside surface of the bones

the fibers of tendons intermingle with those of the periosteum, attaching

skeletal muscles to bones

the bony skeleton begins to form about __________ after fertilization and usually does NOT stop growing until about age __________ years.

six weeks ; 25

the region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________.

cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty

appositional growth on the outer surface of bones results in __________.

an increase in the diameter of a growing bone

which bones are not formed by intramembranous ossification?

bones of the appendages

what is the major advantage or advantages of bones undergoing continual remodeling?

may change the total amount of minerals deposited in the bones

may change the shape of a bone

may change the internal structure of a bone

abnormal development of bone in non-skeletal tissues is called _____________ ossification.

heterotopic

the region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where

cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty

endochondral ossification

replaces existing cartilage in the bones

fractures that shatter a bone into many small fragments are called __________ fractures.

comminuted

which of the following does NOT occur during fracture repair?

bone stores ____% of body's calcium and phosphate.

99

a fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a __________.

greenstick

the hormone synthesized in the kidneys that regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is __________.

calcitriol

what is the term for a reduction in bone mass that is large enough to compromise the normal function of bone?

osteoporosis

when the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above the normal level, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________.

increases the rate of calcium ion excretion from the kidneys

what fracture breaks through bone and skin?

open or compound

which of the following does NOT occur during fracture repair?

dead tissue next to the break is left in the break area and is covered by new bone tissue.

What condition accelerates after menopause because of a decline in circulating estrogen?

osteoperosis

Darcy wrecks her bike and experiences a break in the distal portion of her radius, which now projects out of her skin. Which type of fracture does she have?

an open Colles’ fracture

If an abnormal rearrangement or alignment of the bones results from a fracture, it is called a __________ fracture.

displaced

The type of fracture that occurs in vertebrae that are subject to extreme stresses is a __________ fracture.

compression

If the level of calcium in the blood drops below normal levels, which hormone is produced to correct this homeostatically?

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin does all of the following except  ____________________.

increase osteoblast activity

When the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above the normal level, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________.

increases the rate of calcium ion excretion from the kidneys

A fracture of the ankle where both the distal ends of the tibia and fibula broken is called a ________ fracture.

Pott's

A fracture that results in the break of a bone across the long axis of the shaft is called a _________ fracture.

transverse

Which of the following is not brought about by parathyroid hormone?

Decreased production of calcitriol

Which of the following bones contains the auditory ossicles?

Temporal bone

Which bones conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear?

Auditory ossicles

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?

maxilla

Which of the following is NOT a function of the axial skeleton?

providing attachments for muscles that move the legs and feet

Why can the skull be distorted without damage during birth?

Fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones.

Which of the following is the largest fontanelle and is commonly called the “soft spot” in newborn babies?

Anterior fontanelle

Which bone is NOT part of the floor of the cranium?

frontal

The passageway that allows the optic nerve to reach the eyeball for the sense of vision is the __________.

optic canal

Which bones make up the nasal septum?

Ethmoid and vomer

The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the __________ sutures.

lambdoidal, sagittal, coronal, and squamous

Which of the following bones does NOT directly articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?

Hyoid

Which of the following collections of bones include bones that are unpaired in the skull?

occipital and frontal

The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the __________.

cranial and thoracic cavities

Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?

sella turcica