Exam 1- 20th Century Art History

What 19th century movements, artists, and ideas contributed to the development of Expressionism in the first decade of the 20th century?

Expressionism grew from the emotive intensity of Romanticism (Turner, Delacroix), the subjective symbolism of Post-Impressionists like Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Munch, and the mystical color theories of Kandinsky. These 19th-century movements emphasized personal vision, spirituality, and emotional truth over naturalism, paving the way for early 20th-century Expressionist groups like Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter.

What significant changes occur in the treatment of pictorial space in paintings as art develops from Neoclassicism through Cubism?

the treatment of pictorial space evolves significantly from Neoclassicism through Cubism. While Neoclassical artists adhered to linear perspective and illusionistic depth, Cubist artists like Picasso and Braque fragmented forms and depicted multiple viewpoints simultaneously, challenging traditional notions of spatial representation

Peter Behrens

Modernism

Umberto Boccioni

Futurism

Constantin Brancusi

Modernism

Georges Braque

Cubism

Mary Cassatt

Impressionism

Paul Cezanne

Post Impressionism

Marc Chagall

Expressionism, Surrealism

John Constable

Romanticism

Jacque-Louis David

Neoclassicism

Giorgio de Chirico

Surrealism

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Post-Impressionism

Edgar Degas

Impressionism

Robert Delaunay

Orphism

Andre Derain

Fauvism

Marcel Duchamp

Dada

Antoni Gaudi

Art Nouveau

Paul Gaugin

Post-Impressionism, Symbolism

Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres

Neoclassicism

Wassily Kandinsky

Expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Expressionism

Paul Klee

Expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter

Gustav Klimt

Vienna Secession

Oskar Kokoshka

Expressionism 2

Percy Whyndam Lewis

Vorticism

Adolf Loos

Modernist architecture

Kazimir Malevich

Suprematism

Edouard Manet

Realism/Impressionism

Franz Marc

Expressionism 3

Henri Matisse

Fauvism

Claude Monet

Impressionism

Edvard Munch

Symbolism, Expressionism

Pablo Picasso

Cubism, Modernism

Pierre Auguste Renoir

Impressionism

Alexander Rodchenko

Constructivism

Auguste Rodin

Modern Sculpture

Georges Rouault

Expressionism

Egon Schiele

Expressionism

Georges Seurat

Post-Impressionism

Louis Sullivan

Modern Architecture

Vladimir Tatlin

Constructivism

Joseph Mallord Wiliam Turner

Romanticism

Henry van de Velde

Art Nouveau

Vincent van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

James Abbot McNeill Whislter

Realism

Frank Lloyd Wright

Modern Architecture

Fransisco de Goya

Romanticism

Eugene Delacroix

Romanticism

Honore Daumier

Realism

Gustave Courbet

Realism

Victor Horta

Symbolism

James Ensor

Symbolism

Neoclassicism

Art-Historical term referring to styles from the eighteenth century onwards--and particularly those in architecture--that looks back to the styles o the classical period of Ancient Greece and Rome

Romanticism

Beginning in the late eighteenth century and continuing throughout much of the nineteenth century, this was the movement in music, literature, and the visual arts that exalted in humanity's capacity for emotion.

Realism

Depicting ordinary life and social realities, truthful, unidealized, focus on what is observable, often working-class, everyday subjects; reaction vs. Romanticism's drama

Impressionism

Interest in light and its changing qualities; fleeting moments, visible brushstrokes painting outdoors; scenes of modern life.

Post-Impressionism

Builds on Impressionism but pushes pure perception: more structure, symbolic color, expressive distortions, experimentation in technique.

Symbolism

Inner world, dreams, allegory, myth; seeking deeper meaning beyond what's visible, often mystical, spiritual, or imaginative subject matter; mood/emotion over realism.

Art Nouveau

Decorative stule, linear, flowing forms inspired by nature, integration of arts (architecture, design, furnishings, graphics), often ornamental, curvilinear

Fauvism

"Wild Beasts" of color; non-naturalistic, pure intense colors, simplified forms, emphasis on painterly qualities and emotional expression through color.

Die Bruke

Early German Expressionism: raw energy; distortion; bold, jarring color; bridging tradition and avant-garde; voices of the self and emotion; woodcut prints, socially critical.

Der Blaue Reiter

More spiritual / abstract expressionism from Germany: Kandinsky, Marc; concerned with color, form, symbolism, inner vision rather than external reality.

Analytic Cubism

Early phase of Cubism (Picasso, Braque): fragmenting objects into geometric forms; multiple viewpoints simultaneously; muted color palette; breakdown of perspective.

Synthetic Cubism

Later phase of Cubism: reassembling fragments, introduction of college and mixed media, brighter colors, and simpler shapes, more decorative.

Cubism

Fundamental break with traditional perspective; emphasis on form, simultaneity, structure; geometry; representation from multiple angles.

Futurism

Originating in Italy: speed, technology, movement; dynamism; energy; glorification of modern life, machines; often fragmented, overlapping forms implying motion

Constructivism

Russian avant-garde; art as practice for social purpose; functional, abstract; merging art, design, architecture; geometric, structural, often utopian ideals

Vorticism

British movement: angular, machine-like abstraction; combining energy & dynamism of Futurism with structure influenced by Cubism; interest in modern machinery and urban life.

Peter Behrens (description)

First great industrial designer, worked for AEG, marking art, design and industry

Umberto Boccioni (description)

Futurist sculptor/painter, celebrated dynamism and movement of the modern machine age.

Constantin Brancusi (description)

Sculptor who reduced forms to their purest essence; "Bird in Space"

Georges Braque (description)

Worked with Picasso to develop Cubism; emphasized fractured geometric forms

Mary Cassatt (description)

American Impressionist; known for domestic scenes of mothers and children

Paul Cezanne (description)

Post-Impressionist; sought order in nature with structured brushstrokes; "father of modern art"

Marc Chagall (description)

Russian-French modernist; dreamlike. colorful imagery blending folklore and fantasy

John Constable (description)

English Romantic landscape painter; naturalistic clouds, skies, rural life

Jaques-Louis David (description)

French Neoclassical painter; painted "Oath of the Horatii," revolutionary propaganda

Giorgio de Chirico (description)

Italian Metaphysical painter; eerie, dreamlike city square\s

Edgar Degas (description)

Impressionist known for ballet dancers, racecourses, and unusual viewpoints

Robert Delaney (description)

Orphist painter; vibrant abstract color and harmonies, "Simultaneous Windows"

Andre Derain (description)

Fauvist painter; used vivid color and bold outlines; collaborated with Matisse

Marcel Duschamp (description)

Dada Pioneer; known for readymades like "fountain" (urinal)

Antoni Gaudi (description)

Catalan architect; fantastical forms of Sagrada Familia and organic Modernisme

Paul Gaugin (description)

Post-Impressionist; tropical, "primitive" imagery; moved to Tahiti

Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres

French Neoclassic; rival of Delacroix; known for linear purity and portraits

Wassily Kandisnsky

Pioneer of abstract painting; led Der Blaue Reiter; saw art as spiritual expression

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (description)

German Expressionist (Die Bruke); jagged lines, raw energy, street scenes

Paul Klee (description)

Swiss modernist, whimsical, child-like imagery with abstract forms

Gustav Klimt (description)

Austrian Symbolist; leader of Vienna Succession; gold, decorative patterning

Oskar Kokoschka (description

Austrian Expressionist painter/playwright; raw emotion, bold brushwork

Whyndam Lewis (description)

Founder of Vorticism; sharp, machine-like abstractions; Blast magazine

Adolf Loos (description)

Modernist architect, "Ornament is crime," early function buildings

Kazimir Malevich (description)

Russian avant-garde; founder of Suprematism, "Black Square"

Claude Monet (description)

Founder of Impressionism; painted "Impression, Sunrise," water lilies

Edvard Munch (description)

Norwegian symbolist/Expressionist, "The Scream"

Pablo Picasso (description)

Co-Founder of Cubism; also explored Surrealism; "Guernica"

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (description)

Impressionist painter; luminous portraits, leisure in posters, leisure scenes, especially women

Alexander Rodchenko (description)

Russian Constructivist; geometric abstraction in posters, photography, design

Auguste Rodin (description)

Modern sculptor, expressive surfaces, "The Thinker," "The Burghers of Calais"