ANS001 Midterm 1 (UC Davis, F22)

artiodactyla

order of sheep, goats, and cows

bovidae

family of sheep

caprinae

subfamily of sheep

ovis

genus of sheep

ovis aries

species of sheep

54

number of chromosomes a sheep has

ram

non castrated male sheep

ewe

female sheep over a year

wether

castrated male sheep or goat

partuition

process of giving birth

crimping

the alternating presence of paracortical cells and orthocortical cells forms _______ in wool

crimping

____________ holds wool together

primary follicles

follicles hair comes from

secondary follicles

follicles wool comes from

fine wool

wool that has a diameter of less than 20 microns (ex. merino, rambouillet)

medium wool

wool that has a diameter between 20 and 30 microns

average daily gain

measurement daily body weight change in animal on feed test

140

weight of a mature ewe is ____kg

200

weight of a mature ram is _______ kg

3

sheep eat ____ kg a day

digestibility

how well a food can be broken down

classes of nutrients

fats, proteins, carbohydrates

roughages

pasture forages, hays, silages, and byproduct feeds that contain a high percentage of fiber

concentrates

energy-rich grains and molasses, the protein- and energy-rich supplements and byproduct feeds, vitamin supplements, and mineral supplements

dry roughages

hay, straw, and artificially dehydrated forages

silages

formed from green forages such as grass, alfalfa, sorghum, and corn preserved in a silo

forages

green growing pastures that has a high water content

sheep, cows, and goats

0/4, 3/3, 3/3 is the dental formula for __________

diastema

blank area where canines are supposed to be that helps animals spit out and remove particles from their mouth

ruminants

animals that can digest grassland material due to their 4 chambered stomach and unique digestive system

volatile fatty acids

released by microbes during fermentation; diffuse across rumen wall into bloodstream and become nutrient source

-Acetate, butyrate, propionate

reticulum

organ that moves small particles into the rest of the system (can absorb small amount of VFAs)

Also assists rumination

omasum

size filter; after rumen and reticulum

abomasum

true stomach of ruminants; digestion occurs here; acidic pH to break down particles; DNA, RNA, "bugs" broken down here

lordosis

behaviors exhibited by an animal in heat

Flehman response

sexual behavior of the male where the male curls his upper lip to examine scents in the air

283

cattle gestation length is _____ days

colostrum

first milk from mother that contains antibodies crucial to her offspring's building of immune system

esophageal groove

a bypass from the mouth to the abomasum triggered by the drinking of milk of ruminants so the microbes in the rumen can't curdle the milk and remove the nutrient value of it

small intestine

3 part unedigestive organ in ruminants that absorbs nutrients

large intestine

digestive organ in ruminants that contains the cecum, colon, and rectum and absorbs water

singleton

one lamb born to one ewe is called a ____________

twins

two lambs born to one ewe is called a ___________

short bicornuate uterus

type of uterus cows, sheep, and goats have

6

age sheep reach puberty is _____ months

16

length of the estrous cycle for sheep is ____ days

seasonally polyestrous

when an animal has repeated estrous cycles during a certain time of year

non seasonally polyestrous

when an animal has repeated estrous cycles year round

150

gestation length of goats and sheep is _____ days

India

largest population of beef cattle (300m)

stocker phase

growing phase after calves are weaned and before feedlot

total mixed ration

perfect diet; combines all forages, grains, protein feeds, minerals, vitamins and feed additives perfectly into a single feed mix

meat

_____ is composed of muscle, fat, bone, and connective tissue

myoglobin

_________ determines whether or not a cut of meat is red or white

veal

specialized pale meat in which young cows held in confinement are fed a milk diet to produce low hemoglobin in their meat

70

muscle is ____% water

15-20

muscle is ___% protein

2-15

muscle is ___% fat (depending on the cut of meat)

ash

carbon and minerals in meat

1

muscle is ___% ash

myocytes

muscle cells

adipose tissue

tissue that stores fat

apipocytes

cells that store triglycerides (fat)

sarcomeres

contractile units within myofibrils, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle

myofibrils

protein structures that make up muscle fibers

250-300

weight of beef cattle at the start of puberty is _________kg

21

cycle length of cows is ____ days

283

gestation length of cows is ____ days

freemartin

when a cow gives birth to male and female twins, the female is called a ________________

cotyledonary placenta

type of placenta cows have

placentomes

structures in cotyledonary placentas and where nutrients are transferred from the mother to the fetus

35

newborn calves weigh _____ kg

sigmoid flexure

organ that erects the penis of a bull/ram bc they have fibrous penises

25-30

bulls can artificially inseminate ___________ cows

6

calves are weaned at ______ months

tongue

cattle use their __________ to graze

biting

sheep use ____________ to graze

progesterone

a female's _______________ will fall if she is not pregnant after heat and will stay high if she is

California

state that mainly keeps cows in freestalls or dry lots and feeds silage

pasture based

cows are commonly _________________ in Oregon, New York, and Montana

heterosis

when crossbred offspring are more successful in performance than their purebred parents

305

a cow can be milked for ______ days

2

milking of a cow stops ____ months before the birth of her second calf

2

peak lactation is 100 lbs ____ months into lactation

alveoli

________ in the mammary glands drain down into smaller and smaller tubes that drain out the teat

epithelial cells

there are 100 ______________ in each alveolus that take glucose from the blood to create milk

milk

made up of 90% water, 3% protein, and 3% lactose

estrogen and progesterone

chemicals produced by the ovary

bST

bovine growth hormone

proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

lipases

enzymes that break down lipids

nucleases

enzymes that break down DNA and RNA

parity

the amount of times an animal has been pregnant

synchronization

the syncing of multiple sows' estrous cycles in order to artificially inseminate them all on the same day

PG600

an injection that induces heat by inducing follicular development and helps with synchronization

short day breeders

sheep are ______________ meaning the day length affects their cycles; as the day gets shorter, they start to cycle

body condition score

measurement system to tell how much extra fat is on a ewe when she is pregnant

rumenal papillae

folds in rumen and reticulum that increase surface area and allow gas diffusion

reticulorumen

food stops in this organ first in large particles and is broken down into smaller bits to be digested; contains microbes that ferment food

rumen texture

papillae(fingers)