8th Grade History Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for 8th Grade History Final Exam Review 2025

What advantages did Europeans possess that aided their expansion?

Guns, germs, steel, literacy, horses

Why did Europeans want to trade with Asia?

To trade with Asia

What did the obstacles encourage Europeans to do?

Looking for alternate routes to Asia

Name two explorers who sought alternate routes to Asia.

Bartolomeo Dias and Vasco da Gama

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide?

Spanish and Portuguese territories

What was Christopher Columbus doing?

Exploring

Who was Pizarro against?

Pizarro vs. Atahualpa

Who was involved in the Encomienda system?

Bartolome de Las Casas

Who were against each other

Peninsulares vs. creoles

Who were the leaders of Latin American independence?

Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

How did Mexico win independence?

Peasant rebellion failed, then creoles won independence

Who established the Mughal Empire in India?

Babur

Name an emperor

Akbar

Name an ruler of India

Nur Jahan and Jahangir

Who built the Taj Mahal?

Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal

Who's reign led to the decline of Mughal Power?

Aurangzeb

Which country was the 'Jewel in the Crown'?

India

What was the rebellion against British rule by Indian soldiers?

Sepoy Mutiny

What was the period of British rule in India called?

British Raj

What event fueled Indian nationalism?

Amritsar Massacre

Who was a leader in the Indian Independence Movement?

Gandhi and spinning

What was the act of civil disobedience led by Gandhi?

Salt March

What league wanted self-determination for Muslim's in India?

Muslim league

Who led the Muslim League?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

What political party wanted a unified India?

Congress Party

Who was the first Prime Minister of India?

Jawaharlal Nehru

What was the division of India and Pakistan called?

Partition

Why did Gandhi live in South Africa?

To learn how to become an effective leader

Where did Gandhi travel by train?

India

What crop was grown in the village that Ghandi visited?

Indigo

What plan did Indian leaders agree to put into effect?

Protesting the new Anti-terrorism law

What was Gandhi's repsonse to?

The Amritsar Massacre

What clothing did Ghandi not want Indians to wear?

Clothing made in England

What was Gandhi prepared to do to end the violence

End the Violence

What happens in front of?

The Salt Works

How did Gandhi respond to India's Independence?

unhappy

Why was Gandhi unhappy?

To try to stop Hindu-Muslim violence

Who led the voyages and closed doors?

Zheng He

What was involved the the trade triangle?

tea, silver, opium

Who had a kowtow incident?

Lord Macartney and the kowtow incident

What war was fought over tea?

Opium War

What treaty involved missionaries?

Treaty of Nanjing

Who started the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xuiquan and the Taiping Rebellion

What are Spheres of Influence?

Spheres of Influence

Who debated over reforms?

Cixi and the debate over reform

What rebellion was anti-foreign?

Boxer Rebellion

What party was the Chinese Nationalist Party?

Kuomintang

Who was the first leader of the Republic of China?

Sun Yixian (Sun Yat Sen)

Who led the Nationalists after Sun Yixian?

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek)

Who led the Chinese Communist Party?

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tung)

Who won the support of peasants?

Mao wins the support of peasants

What was Mao's economic and social campaign called?

Great Leap Forward

What revolution was to preserve Communist ideology?

Cultural Revolution

What diplomacy normalized relations between the U.S. and China?

Ping Pong Diplomacy

Who led economic reforms in China?

Deng Xiaoping

What massacre suppressed pro-democracy protests?

Tiananmen Square Massacre

What was handed back to China?

Hong Kong handed back

What was the legal racism called?

Apartheid

What affected Africa?

Slave Trade

What allowed the Europeans to explore the interior of Africa?

Technological innovations allowed the Europeans to explore

Where in Africa did the complaints arise?

Leopold's Congo Free State