Lady bits lecture - 80085

produce and transport ova

transport sperm

fertilize and accommodate fetus until birth

three super general tasks of the female repro system

Ovaries, genital tract, mammary gland

three "structural units" included in the female repro system

ovary

_________: s paired organ with both endocrine and exocrine function in the form of female hormones and ova production

female hormones

ova

The ovaries have both endocrine (_____________________) and exocrine (________________) functions.

uterine tube/oviduct

The conduit for the oocyte, spermatozoa and zygotes

uterus

the place for implantation of the "conceptus"

cervix

the terminal end of the uterus and barrier during pregnancy

vagina

copulatory organ and aid for expulsion of urine

cortex (peripheral aspect)

which part of the ovary houses follicles?

medulla

which part of the ovary is in the center (normally) and is highly vascular?

ovulation fossa, cortex on the inside

whats weird about the mare ovary? (we know this y'all)

Chromosomal sex determination

There are 3 "tiers" of sex determination,

Tier 1 = __________________

Genetic sex determination

There are 3 "tiers" of sex determination,

Tier 2 = __________________

hormonal sex determination

There are 3 "tiers" of sex determination,

Tier 3 = __________________

SRY

the _________ gene is the primary determinant of male sex in mammals

initiates testis development by upregulating SOX9

How does the SRY gene determine male sex?

promotes sertoli cell differentiation

What does SOX9 do?

DAX1

what is an antagonist to SRY and SOX9, leading to ovary development of male-to-female sex reversal?

RSPO1

what positively regulates WNT4 expression in the XX gonads, ensuring proper ovarian development?

suppresses male specific genes in the ovary

What does WNT4 do?

FOXL2

what is vital for the maintenance of ovarian function?

false: it can lead to testis like cells even in adult females

true/false: the loss of functioning FOXL2 can cause ovarian cell to become testis like, but only in immature and developing mammals

female is born with all her oocytes

oocytes dont reach haploid unutil time of ovulation

What two reasons contribute to why there is no need for a "blood Oocyte layer"?

yolk sac, ovarian cortex

In the beginning of primordial germ cell migration

the Oogenia migrate from the _______ into the ______ and then begin to multiply by mitosis

4-5th month

at what point during human fetal development do some oogenia enlarge and become primary Oocytes? (first stage meiotic division)

7th month

at what point in human fetal development are primary oocytes encapsulated by a single layer of follicular cells, and form a primordial follicle? (arrest of 1st meiotic division)

AMH

what hormone do male sertoli cells produce in the testicle to inhibit female duct formation?

where the oocyte resides

what is a follicle?

a single cell with DNA inside a follicle

What exactly is an oocyte?

true

true/false: At tertiary follicular stage Meiosis I is always complete, but Meiosis II may not be complete

before birth

A 2n Oogonium undergoes mitosis and arrests in prophase 1 as a 2n primary Oocyte...

does this happen before birth or after puberty?

after puberty

a 2n primary Oocyte restarts meiosis and divides into 1n secondary oocytes

does this happen before birth or after puberty?

ovulation and sperm entry

What is the step directly after a 1n secondary Oocyte is made and paused in mataphase II?

meiosis and fertilization, leading to a fertilized egg

What happens after ovulation and sperm entry into a secondary oocyte?

primordial follicle

if you have a primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epithelium... what type of follicle do you have?

primary follicle

if you have a primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium... what type of follicle do you have?

secondary follicle

if you have a primary follicle, stratified cuboidal epithelium and a zona pellucida... what type of follicle do you have?

zona pellucida

amorphous substance between the oocyte and corona radiata

ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4

what glycoproteins does the zona pellucida contain to act as "gate keepers" to regulate sperm binding?

tertiary follicle

if you have a secondary ovum (at ovulation), an antrum (fluid filled cavity), granuosa cells and theca cells, and the presence of a corona radiata and zona pellucida... what type of follicle do you have?

(we'll cover what this shhtuff means later)

FSH

growth of the secondary follicle stage is stimulated by what?

theca cell layers (interna and externa)

what are the stromal cells surrounding the follicle called?

theca interna

what thecal layer is the vascularized cellular layer?

theca externa

which thecal layer is basically just fibrous connective tissue?

stratum granulosum and theca

what are the two main structures of the ovarian follicle?

granulosa cells,

cumulus oophorus (type of ganulosa cell),

corona radiata (type of granulosa cell),

zona pellucida

what make up the stratum granulosum?

(4 terms... but two of them are technically specifics)

cumulus oophorus

the granulosa cells associated with the oocyte to form the projection

(the projection???)

corona radiata

the single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surrounds the oocyte

convert androgens to estrogens

Produce other hormones to nuture the developing gamete

What do granulosa cells actually do?

leydig cells in testicle

what are the male equivalent of the theca interna cells in a female?

sertoli cells (nurture the seminiferous tubules)

what are the male equivelant of granulosa cells in the female?

LH, androgens

The theca interna cells are induced by ______ to produce _______

granulosa cells

after androgens are released by theca interna cells, they are absorbed by what?

hilus

depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ (specifically here the ovary)

ovarian artery, ovarian branches of uterine artery

broad ligament

the blood supply to the ovary is the _____ and the ___________________

these arteries enter the hilus of the ovary from the _______________

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, elastic and reticular fibers

the medulla of the ovary contains what?

corpus hemorrhagicum

post ovulatory structure that is the remnant of a tertiary follicle containing a blood clot

corpus luteum

post ovulatory structure that acts as a temporary endocrine organ

granulosa lutein cells (internal)

theca lutein cells (external layer)

what two cell types are found in a corpus luteum

produce progesterone and convert androgens into estrogen

what do the granulosa lutein cells of a corpus luteum do?

produce progesterone, androgens and some estrogens

what do the theca lutein cells of the corpus luteum do?

corpus albicans

structure that occurs when a corpus luteum is replaced by a fibrous connective tissue (a scar)

Atretic follicle (degenerated)

If you see a follicle whos zona pellucida has thickened and folded and who's basement membrane between the granulosa and theca cells has also thickened...... what type of follicle is this?

atresia occurs until the follicle disappears

What happens if a follicle does NOT maturate and ovulate?

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

What are the three parts of the oviduct?

fimbria

finger-like projections only found in the infundibulum of the oviduct

ampulla

where in the oviduct dos fertilization occur?

(HELLA IMPORTANT)

isthmus

where does sperm capacitation occur?

(^sperm undergo changes that allow them to penetrate the egg)

peg cells

non ciliated secretory cells in the oviduct that provide nourishment for the ovum

to propel the ovum towards the uterus

why do we have ciliated columnar epithelium cells in the oviduct?...

less,

thickens

as you move towards the uterus through the oviduct,

the mucosal folds become [more/less] numerous and the smooth muscle layer [thickens/thins]

endometrium,

myometrium,

perimetrium

what are the names in the uterus of the tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa/adventitia respectively?

epithelium and lamina propria (made of functional and basal zones)

what makes up the endometrium?

stratum vasculare

feed the fetus

the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers of the myometrium are separated by _______ which functions to "_________ ___ ______"

caruncles

thickened endometrium only found in cattle with extensive vascular beds and fibrocytes

false

true/false: caruncles have endometrial glands

cotyledon

the caruncle in a cow is the attachment site for what specific part of the fetal placenta?

placetome

when a fetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle join, they form a _______________

all nutrition (vasculature and otherwise) passes through here

what is the function of a placentome?

top third is stratum compactum,

middle third is stratum spongiosum,

(both of the more superficial thirds together make the functional zone)

deep third is the basal zone

If you divided the endometrium into thirds, what would each third be called? (roughly)

cervix

what structure provides a physical barrier to the uterus during pregnancy to protect the fetus from ascending infection?

mucous secretion, physical interdigitation of folds

what two features help the cervix to form that protective barrier?

stratified squamous

ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

what type of epithelium does the cervix in dogs have?

In cows and horses?

true

true/false: the cervix contains longitudinal mucosal folds. These include primary folds with secondary folds budding off of them and tertiary folds budding off of those.

vagina

____: a copulatory organ for mating and birth canal during parturition

(NOTE: acidic in humans to prevent infection... not necessarily in animals)

false: longitudinal folds are in the vagina, just not as pronounced as the cervix

true/false: the cervix ends and the vagina starts at a point where the longitudinal folds in the cervix abruptly end.

true

true/false: the stratified squamous epithelium in the vagina will change thickness and keratinize dependant on different parts of the estrous cycle

thicker,

thinner

the epithelium in the vagina is a lot [thicer/thinner] close to proestrus,

and a lot [thicker/thinner] at the end of estrus

proestrus

period of the estrous cycle before sexual receptivity, accompanied by vulvar swelling and bloody vaginal discharge.

estrogen

proestrus is a time of rising ______ levels to prepare the reproductive tract for breeding

estrus

period of sexual receptivity in the female

the first day the female stands,

day of the LH surge

progesterone, estrogen

behaviorally, estrus begins when?

Hormonally estrus begins when?

regardless, it is marked by rising _____ levels and decreasing _______ levels.

diestrus

7-9 days after LH surge (in a dog) this stage starts and it lasts until birth or until progesterone returns to a basal level.

anestrus

period of time between the end of estrus and start of next proestrus

FSH,

rising estrogen,

LH surge,

Progesterone

what is the dominant hormone during anestrus?

What hormone marks proestrus?

What about estrus?

Whats dominant during diestrus?

Estrous is the estrous cycle.

Estrus is a PART of that cycle

What is the difference between estrous and estrus

parabasal, intermediate, superficial

what are the three types of cells found on vaginal cytology?

parabasal

small, uniform, round, non keratinized cells with small amounts of cytoplasm found o f vaginal cytology

intermediate

cells on vaginal cytology with nuclei similar to parabasal cells, but that have variable amounts and shapes of cytoplasm

superficial

cells on vaginal cytology with pyknotic (tiny) nuclei and abundant angular cytoplasm

(as time goes on they may develop vacuoles)