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Medical Imaging Procedures

Noninvasive techniques used to visualize internal body structures for diagnosis, including radiography, ultrasound, CT, and MRI; symptoms are not applicable since this is diagnostic rather than a disease.

Radiography (X-ray)

Imaging method using ionizing radiation to view dense tissues like bone; associated risks include radiation exposure and poor soft-tissue contrast.

Ultrasound

Imaging using high-frequency sound waves to visualize soft tissues and fluids; limitations include reduced image clarity in obese patients or with gas interference.

Computed Tomography (CT)

Imaging technique producing cross-sectional images using X-rays and computer processing; risks include higher radiation exposure.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Imaging using magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize soft tissues; contraindicated in patients with certain metal implants or pacemakers.

Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited disorder caused by defective chloride channels leading to thick mucus; symptoms include chronic lung infections, persistent cough, breathing difficulty, pancreatic insufficiency, and poor nutrient absorption.

Tay-Sachs Disease

Fatal inherited lysosomal storage disorder causing accumulation of lipids in neurons; symptoms include developmental regression starting around 6 months, paralysis, blindness, deafness, and early childhood death.

MELAS Syndrome

Mitochondrial disorder causing impaired ATP production; symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, seizures, stroke-like episodes, lactic acidosis, diabetes, and hearing loss.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation; not a disease, but clinically relevant for regeneration and therapy.

Gangrene

Tissue death due to loss of blood supply; symptoms include discoloration, pain, foul odor, infection, tissue decay, and risk of systemic illness.

Dry Gangrene

Gangrene caused by chronic loss of blood supply without infection; symptoms include dry, shriveled, darkened tissue with clear separation from healthy tissue.

Wet Gangrene

Gangrene involving bacterial infection; symptoms include swelling, blistering, foul odor, pus, fever, and rapid tissue destruction.

Gas Gangrene

Severe infection caused by Clostridium bacteria producing gas in tissues; symptoms include severe pain, swelling, crackling sensation under skin, rapid spread, fever, and shock.

Tissue Transplantation

Surgical replacement of damaged tissue; not a disease but includes clinical risks such as rejection and infection.

Autograft

Tissue transplanted from one part of a person’s body to another; symptoms relate to donor-site pain and healing.

Isograft

Tissue transplanted between genetically identical individuals; minimal rejection risk.

Allograft

Tissue transplanted between genetically different individuals of the same species; risk of immune rejection.

Xenograft

Tissue transplanted between different species; high rejection risk.

Tattoos

Permanent skin markings from injected pigments; complications include infection, allergic reactions, scarring, and difficulty with removal.

Acne

Inflammatory skin condition due to clogged sebaceous glands; symptoms include pimples, redness, swelling, and possible scarring.

Comedones

Blocked hair follicles; open comedones are blackheads, closed comedones are whiteheads.

Papules

Small, solid, inflamed bumps on the skin; often tender.

Pustules

Inflamed lesions filled with pus; painful and prone to rupture.

Nodules

Large, deep, painful acne lesions; high risk of scarring.

Cysts

Severe, fluid-filled acne lesions; painful and commonly scar.

Burns

Tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, radiation, or electricity; symptoms include pain, redness, blistering, swelling, and fluid loss.

First-Degree Burns

Affect epidermis only; symptoms include redness, pain, and mild swelling.

Second-Degree Burns

Affect epidermis and part of dermis; symptoms include blistering, severe pain, redness, and swelling.

Third-Degree Burns

Destroy epidermis, dermis, and deeper tissues; symptoms include white or charred skin, numbness, and severe fluid loss.

Psoriasis

Chronic autoimmune skin disease causing rapid skin cell turnover; symptoms include thick, scaly plaques, redness, itching, cracking, and bleeding.

Osteitis Deformans (Paget Disease)

Disorder of abnormal bone remodeling; symptoms include bone pain, deformities, fractures, and enlarged skull.

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

Genetic disorder affecting cartilage growth; symptoms include short limbs, normal trunk size, enlarged head, and lordosis.

Rickets

Childhood bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency; symptoms include bowed legs, soft bones, delayed growth, bone pain, and muscle weakness.

Osteoporosis

Disease of decreased bone density; symptoms include fragile bones, fractures, height loss, and spinal curvature.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon due to overuse; symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced movement.

Muscular Paralysis

Loss of muscle function due to nerve disruption; symptoms include inability to move muscles and muscle weakness.

Neurotoxin-Induced Paralysis

Paralysis caused by toxins blocking nerve transmission; symptoms include muscle weakness, respiratory failure, and loss of reflexes.

Rigor Mortis

Postmortem muscle stiffening due to ATP depletion; symptoms include progressive muscle rigidity after death.

Anabolic Steroid Use

Use of synthetic hormones to enhance muscle growth; symptoms include liver damage, mood changes, acne, infertility, and cardiovascular disease.

Strabismus

Misalignment of the eyes; symptoms include crossed or wandering eyes, double vision, and impaired depth perception.

Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Shortened neck muscle present at birth; symptoms include head tilt, limited neck motion, and facial asymmetry.

Episiotomy

Surgical incision of the perineum during childbirth; complications include pain, infection, bleeding, and scarring.

Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)

Overuse injury of forearm tendons; symptoms include elbow pain, tenderness, and weakened grip.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist; symptoms include numbness, tingling, pain, and hand weakness.

Shin Splints

Inflammation of muscles and connective tissue along the tibia; symptoms include shin pain during exercise.

Compartment Syndrome

Increased pressure within muscle compartments; symptoms include severe pain, swelling, numbness, and reduced blood flow.

Plantar Fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar fascia; symptoms include heel pain, especially with first steps in the morning.

Gluteal Intramuscular Injections

Injection technique in the gluteal muscles; complications include nerve injury, pain, and improper medication delivery.

Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis (Bell Palsy)

Acute inflammation of the facial nerve causing unilateral facial paralysis; symptoms include drooping of one side of the face, inability to close the eye, drooling, loss of taste, and facial weakness.

Paralysis of the Diaphragm

Loss of diaphragm function due to nerve damage; symptoms include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath when lying flat, reduced lung expansion, and fatigue.

Paralysis of the Serratus Anterior Muscle (Winged Scapula)

Dysfunction of the serratus anterior muscle due to long thoracic nerve injury; symptoms include protruding scapula, shoulder weakness, and difficulty lifting the arm.

Surface Anatomy and Lumbar Puncture

Clinical procedure using surface landmarks to access cerebrospinal fluid; not a disease, but risks include headache, infection, and bleeding.

Nervous System Disorders Affecting Myelin

Diseases that damage the myelin sheath of neurons; symptoms include slowed nerve conduction, muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, and impaired coordination.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons; symptoms include muscle weakness, atrophy, spasticity, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and eventual respiratory failure.

Neural Tube Defects

Congenital disorders from incomplete neural tube closure; symptoms include spinal cord exposure, paralysis, sensory loss, hydrocephalus, and developmental delays.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges due to infection; symptoms include fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.

Encephalitis

Inflammation of brain tissue often due to viral infection; symptoms include fever, altered mental status, seizures, confusion, and coma.

Hydrocephalus

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles; symptoms include enlarged head in infants, headache, nausea, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

Mapping Functional Brain Regions

Identification of specialized cortical areas; not a disease, but clinical relevance includes speech, motor, and sensory localization.

Effects of Alcohol and Drugs on the Cerebellum

Toxic effects impairing cerebellar function; symptoms include loss of balance, poor coordination, slurred speech, and impaired motor control.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus affecting sensory nerves; symptoms include painful blistering rash, burning sensation, nerve pain, and itching.

Sacral Plexus Nerve Injuries

Damage to sacral nerve network; symptoms include weakness or paralysis of lower limbs, sensory loss, and bowel or bladder dysfunction.

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Disruption of blood flow to the brain; symptoms include sudden weakness, facial droop, speech difficulty, vision loss, and paralysis.

Horner Syndrome

Disruption of sympathetic nerves to the eye; symptoms include drooping eyelid, constricted pupil, lack of sweating, and sunken eye appearance.

Raynaud Syndrome

Vasospastic disorder affecting extremities; symptoms include color changes in fingers or toes, numbness, pain, and cold sensitivity.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva; symptoms include redness, itching, discharge, tearing, and eye irritation.

Cataracts

Clouding of the eye lens; symptoms include blurred vision, glare sensitivity, faded colors, and difficulty seeing at night.

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve; symptoms include gradual vision loss, tunnel vision, eye pain, and halos around lights.

Otitis Media

Infection of the middle ear; symptoms include ear pain, fever, hearing loss, and fluid buildup behind the eardrum.

Otitis Externa

Infection of the external auditory canal; symptoms include ear pain, redness, swelling, itching, and discharge.

Anemia

Condition of reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood; symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Anemia caused by low iron levels; symptoms include brittle nails, fatigue, pallor, and cold intolerance.

Pernicious Anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor loss; symptoms include numbness, memory problems, weakness, and anemia.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing misshapen red blood cells; symptoms include pain crises, anemia, infection risk, and organ damage.

Leukemia

Cancer of blood-forming tissues producing abnormal white blood cells; symptoms include fatigue, frequent infections, bruising, bleeding, and anemia.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardial sac; symptoms include sharp chest pain, pain with breathing, fever, and pericardial friction rub.

Heart Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds due to turbulent blood flow; symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, or be asymptomatic.

Coronary Heart Disease

Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup; symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and myocardial infarction.

Varicose Veins

Dilated superficial veins due to valve failure; symptoms include visible twisted veins, aching pain, swelling, and heaviness in legs.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Formation of blood clots in deep veins; symptoms include leg pain, swelling, warmth, redness, and risk of pulmonary embolism.

Atherosclerosis

Progressive buildup of fatty plaques in arteries; symptoms include reduced blood flow, chest pain, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Aneurysms

Abnormal dilation of blood vessels; symptoms may include pain, pulsatile mass, rupture, hemorrhage, and shock.

Lymphedema

Accumulation of lymph due to impaired drainage; symptoms include limb swelling, heaviness, skin thickening, and infection risk.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder affecting mucus production; symptoms include chronic lung infections, breathing difficulty, pancreatic insufficiency, and poor growth.

Pneumothorax

Collapse of lung due to air in pleural cavity; symptoms include sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, and decreased breath sounds.

Apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing; symptoms include interrupted breathing during sleep, fatigue, hypoxia, and cardiovascular strain.

Peptic Ulcers

Open sores in the stomach or duodenum; symptoms include burning abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Intestinal Disorders

Conditions affecting digestion and absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, malabsorption, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Diverticulosis

Presence of diverticula in the colon; usually asymptomatic but may cause bloating or mild discomfort.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula; symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and bowel habit changes.

Gallstones

Hardened bile deposits in the gallbladder; symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Solid mineral deposits in the urinary tract; symptoms include severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea, and urinary urgency.

Cervical Cancer

Malignancy of cervical epithelial cells often linked to HPV; symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and discharge.

Disorders of Growth Hormone Secretion

Imbalance of growth hormone levels; symptoms include gigantism, acromegaly, or growth failure.

Hypophysectomy

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland; complications include hormone deficiencies and metabolic imbalance.

Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Abnormal thyroid hormone levels; symptoms include weight changes, heat or cold intolerance, fatigue, and heart rate changes.

Hernias

Protrusion of organs through weakened muscle walls; symptoms include bulging, pain, and discomfort with exertion.

Inguinal Hernias

Hernias in the groin region; symptoms include groin bulge, pain, and pressure sensation.

Lip Color as a Diagnostic Tool

Changes in lip coloration indicating systemic conditions; findings include cyanosis, pallor, or jaundice.