7.3, 7.4 Reversible Reactions, Equilibrium

Forward will form

products

Backward will form

reactants

Define water of crystallisation

water incl in structure of salts during crystallisation

Consider copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate:
CuSO₄.5H₂O(s) + heat ⇌ CuSO₄(s) + 5H₂O(l)

CuSO₄.5H₂O is heated & loses water of crystallisation, forming the anhydrous salt (CuSO₄)

This can be reversed by adding __

Forward is e__ as e__ is needed to remove water

water, endo, energy

Define dynamic equilibrium

rate forward = rate backward in closed system

Define closed system

nothing can be added/removed to system except energy

Le Chatelier’s Principle
> if c__ is made to s__ in e__, the eq s__ in the d__ that will __ the change

change, system, equilibrium, shifts, direction, minimise

Factors Affecting Equilibrium Position
C__
> ↑C of reactants = eq shifts __ = __(more/less) yield

conc, right, more

Factors Affecting Equilibrium Position
P__
> ↑P = e__ pos moves to __(least/most) amt of moles

pressure, eq, least

Factors Affecting Equilibrium Position
T__
> ↑T = eq pos moves to e__
> system counteracts change (too high temp) by a__ heat

temp, endo, absorbing

Factors Affecting Equilibrium Position
C__
> only (increases/decreases) time for reaction to reach eq

catalyst, decreases

Do catalysts shift equil pos?

no

What is ammonia used for?

fertiliser

Conditions for Haber Process
__C, __atm, w/ __ catalyst = ~__% ammonia yield

450, 350, iron, 15

Why These Conditions for Haber Process?
> are a c__ for yield, rate, safety, cost
> lower temp = too s__
> pressure is s__ enough & equipment is e__
> catalyst s__ up reaction = yield achieved at lower temp

compromise, slow, safe, expensive, speeds

Haber process sources
H₂ from n__ gas; N₂ from the __

natural, air

Contact process makes what?

sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is used in: c__ batteries, fertilisers, s__ & detergents

car, soaps

Contact Process
1. Make s__ d__ via burning s__ in a__
S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) + heat

sulfur dioxide, sulfur, air

Contact Process
2. O__ sulfur d__ → sulfur t__ w/ v__ o__ (__₂O₅) catalyst

oxidate, dioxide, trioxide, vanadium oxide, V

Contact Process
3. Absorb sulfur t__ into sulfuric a__, making o__ (disulfuric acid)
> SO₃(g) + H₂SO₄(l)  H₂S₇O₇(l) + heat

trioxide, acid, oleum

Contact Process
4. Add o__ to w__, making sulfuric acid
> H₂S₇O₇(l) + H₂O(l)  2H₂SO₄(l)

oleum, water

Contact process conditions
__C, __atm

450, 2

Why these contact process conditions?
> temp: too low = too s__
> pressure: too h__ = l__ SO₂ & e__ equipment & dangerous

slow, high, liquefies, expensive

Sulfuric acid also acts as a d__ agent (removes water)

dehydrating

Conc. sulfuric acid contains molecules, not ions. thus is a (poor/good) conductor of electricity

poor

Dilute sulfuric acid contains ions & is aq. thus is a (poor/good) conductor of electricity

good