World History - Midterm 1

“Emperor of the Romans”

Charlemagne’s title, crowned by Pope Leo II for his supremacy over western Europe and services to the Catholic Church

Aix-la-Chapelle

Charlemagne’s capital, also were he kept a school that had famous English philosopher and scholar, Alciun, teaching there.

Angles/Saxons

Germanic people that settled in England/Wales

* Conquered by Charlemagne

Balkan Peninsula

Crossroads of competing worldviews

* Located in southeastern Europe

Black/Bubonic Plague

* Ppl got sick within a week and died


* Fever, fatigue, shivering, etc.
* Caused buboes
* Lymph nodes were affected
* A lot of people died - 30% western European population
* From central asia, mongolia, china, through ukraine and then europe

Caliph

Religious and political head of state

Charlemagne

* Pepin’s son
* “Charles the Great”
* Most outstanding guy of medieval ages
* Model for how a catholic king should be
* Conquered lots of territory
* Expanded catholic church’s power

Crusades

“Wars of the cross”

* Religious wars to reconquer Holy Land away from Muslims
* Weakened feudalism
* Created demand in Europe for middle eastern goods
* Increase trade
* Serfs began to flee manors for towns
* Weakened structure of manors

Donation of Pepin

Pepin defeated Lombards (germanic tribe in central Italy) and gave land to Pope

* Established catholic church’s political and territorial control over large part of central Italy
* Known as papal states

Feudalism

* Political system focusing on regional gov. and local military defense
* Establishes steadfast class distinction and economic regime of agricultural, self-sufficient manors
* Basically, people given land and protection by higher ranked people and worked and fought for them in return

Huns

Nomadic pastoralist people

* Invaded southeastern Europe
* Central Asia, Caucasus, Eastern Europe

Italian City States

Many political and independent territories in the Italian Peninsula

Khadija

* Widow that was married to Mohammed
* Owned business and successful merchant

Life in Medieval Towns

* Crowded
* Streets unpaved, narrow, unguarded, dark
* Dangerous at night
* Buildings close, made of wood, an dingy
* Fire spread rapidly
* Town walls provided protections from highwaymen, pirates, and even feudal lords
* Impeded town from expanding
* No sanitation
* Garbage dumped on street or rivers
* Pollution led to disease, epidemics, and plagues

Lothar

* Grandson of Charlemagne
* Signed Treaty of Verdun
* Got the central lands (basis of modern Italy) in division of Charlemagne’s territory

Mayor of the Palace

Powerful noble who runs the city and in political charge

Middle East

* Demand for goods from here weakened feudalism
* Arabian Peninsula was majority of here
* Children’s Crusade happened here
* Just like everyone wanted goods from here lol

Naples

Italian Peninsula City State that came to dominate most trade between eastern Mediteranean and Europe, along with Genoa, Venice, and Pisa

Ostrogoths

* Weak germanic warlords
* Rulers unable to maintain order, administer justice and protect people
* Did not have large enough military structures to control people
* Huns eventually invaded them lol

Philip Augustus

* One of the kings that led the third crusade
* From France

Rome

* Homie was invaded
* Invasion by Germanic tribes brought about collapse of this political Empire

Serfdom

Being a this or feudal laborer

* Bound to plot of land and to the will of landlord

Trading Cities

* Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan, Florence, Flanders, Ypres
* Important goods
* Wool, salt, timber, beer, wine

Umayyads

* Muslim Dynasty
* When Ali was murdered, right to rule asserted by a member of this family
* Divided Muslins into Sunni and Shiites

Visigoths

* Germanic tribe that raided Roman territories
* Established kingdoms in Gaul and Spain

Arabian Peninsula

* Largest in the world
* Majority of the Middle East
* Majority of land is hot, hilly, and more humid
* Mainly nomadic tribesman clalled Bedouin

Battle of Tours

* Frankish Army vs. Moorish invader
* Result limited Muslims’ entrance into mostly Christian Europe

Bourgeoisie

* Middle Class Acquired influence and wealth (Townspeople)
* Entrepreneurs
* Shopkeepers, merchants, bankers, etc.

Castle

* Important military structure
* Dark, cold, humid
* Lacked simple conveniences and comfort
* Excellent fortress, always on high ground, first constructed of wood
* Surrounded by wide, deep, trenches w/ water called moats
* Drawbridges were defensive structures and provided protection during an attack

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

* Killed almost 30% of western Europe population
* Rats spread it because of the fleas they had
* Came from central Asia, Mongolia, chine and eventually reached Europe

Charles Martel

* “The Hammer”
* The Franks
* Mayor of the palace
* Lead Frankish army to victory against Moorish invader

Chivalry

* Knights code of conduct
* Loyalty to knight’s lord and God
* Protection of helpless and opressed
* Defense of christianity
* Support of justice
* Courtesy
* Gallantry
* Courage
* Generosity
* They were frequently violated tho lol

Constantinople

* Capital of the Roman Empire
* Largest Christian city
* Byzantine Emperor asked pope for help because Seljuk Turks attacking here
* Felt bad because Christians could not fulfill pilgrimages

Drawbridge

* Structure in a castle
* Used from protection and defense to keep people out of the castle
* Protection for lords, subordinates, and even serfs during attack

Fiefdom

* Grant of land
* Vassals owned these grants and got them from the king
* Lower lords received these in exchange for loyalty
* Also granted to nobles beneath those who received them

Genoa, Naples, Venice, and Pisa

* located on Mediterranean Sea
* Dominated most trade between eastern Mediterranean and Europe

Hegira

* The flight that Mohammed and a group of followers did to escape Mecca and go to Medina
* “Breaking of former ties”
* This happened in 622, which is the first year of the Muslim calendar

Jerusalem

* Holy city (holiest in Judaism)
* Christians went here as an act of pilgrimage for their sins
* During 1st crusade, Godfrey of Bouillon pushed Muslim Turks away and gained control of here
* Muslims retook this place about a century later

Knight

* These were nobles
* Made up majority of feudal armies
* Young nobles got year-long training and when they turned 21, became knights or warriors on horseback
* Need to be born in social class to be this
* Expected to follow code of conduct called chivalry

Lord

* Ran the manors
* Below the king
* Leased land to
* Lower lords
* lower lords were vassals of the more powerful lords
* They received fiefs for loyalty

Lombards

* Germanic tribe in central Italy
* Defeated by Pepin
* Northern Italians defeated by Charlemagne
* Charlemagne also ended their threat to the Papal States

Louis/Ludwig

* Charlemagne’s grandson
* Signed Treaty of Verdun
* Inherited eastern portion Of Charlemagne’s territory division - modern day Germany

Mecca

* Holy city for bedouin people
* Trading town
* Customary for many arabs to travel here to warship at a well and a holy shrine called kaaba
* Mohammed born here
* Muslims turn towards here and pray 5 times a day
* also make a pilgrimage here at least once in their lives

Moat

Wide, deep trenches filled with water that surrounded the castle

Pepin

* Son of Charles Martel
* Mayor of Palace after his dad’s death
* “The Short”
* With Pope’s approval, led a coup d’etat against weak Frankish king and took throne for himself
* Grateful for Pope’s support, defeated Lombards (germanic tribe in Italy) and gave this land to the Pope

Richard “The Lionhearted”

* 3rd Crusade
* England
* Able to convince Saladin to permit safe passage for Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem

Royal Domain

King owned all of the land but only had control over his own estates known as this

Sunni/Shiite

* Division of Muslims that was a result of who they believed had the right to rule after the murder of Ali
* ___ - supporters of Umayyads
* ___ - Believed caliph (ruler) should be direct descendent of prophet
* Repeatedly challenged Umayyad rule and came to develop other traditions and beliefs separate from the ___

Treaty of Verdun

* Agreement of division of land
* Signed by 3 grandsons of Charlemagne
* Louis - eastern portion (germany today)
* Charles - western portion (france today)
* Lothar - central portion (italy today)

Urban II

* Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for military assistance to fight muslim Seljuk Turks - they were attacking Constantinople
* Catholic Church sympathetic because they threatened Greek Orthodox Church and prevented Christians from fulfilling pilgrimages
* Because of this, Pope called all Christians to war against Muslims (Crusades)

Children’s Crusade

* Sent a bunch of kids to the holy land in the middle east to have them conquer the land because they are innocent and pure at heart

Commodities

* Items/materials
* Wool, salt, timber, beer, wine, lumber

Flemish City States

* Flemish cities that sponsored trade fairs
* Ghent and Burges

Frederick Barbarossa

* Germanic king who led 3rd Crusade
* Red beards

Godfrey of Bouillon

* 1st Crusade
* Most outstanding leader
* Pushed Muslim turks away from part of Palestine ad established a Christian territory in the region, gaining control of Jerusalem

Hanseatic League Cities

* Northern German cities of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg
* Defeated pirates in Northern Seas
* Maintained fair trade Regulations
* Banned cuties not in the league from trading in the area
* Produced grain, timber, leather, iron, and salted fish

“Rub’ Al khali”

* “Empty Quarter”
* Very dry

Damascus

* Center of Muslim power under Umayyad rule
* Also center of craft industry

Florence

* Big city for trade
* Italy was in the center of the Mediterranean so it was center of all trade

Iberian Peninsula

Modern day Spain

* Gave rise to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

Abbasids

* Arab, Persian, and diverse influences came together and created a distinctive broad Muslim culture
* Arabs

Andalusia

southern region of hills in spain

Attila

Ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death 453

Bedouin

Nomadic arab tribes in middle east

Bruges

City that was Europes leading center of commerce 

Centralized Monarchy

Monarch has absolute power

Charles the Bald

9th-century king of west Francia, king of Italy, and emperor of the Carolingian Empire

Christian Kingdoms

kingdoms of argentina, armenia, costa rica, el salvador, denmark, england, blah blah blah

Cordova

Spain, Andalusia. Sophisticated city with Muslims, Jews, and Christians.

Dark Ages

5th-10th Century classified with decline and disorder

First Crusade

* oWell-organized and planned military expedition
* Most outstanding leader - Godfrey of Bouillon
* Muslim turks pushed away from part of Palestine and Christian territory established in region
* Gained control of Jerusalem

Frankish Kingdoms

* Unified by Clovis
* Strongest germanic tribe in western Europe after fall of Romans
* Dominated most of western Europe during 700s and early 800s

Germanic Tribes

* Invasions by them brought collapse of Rome’s political empire
* Ruined highly developed social and economic system

Growth of Towns

* Trade increased
* Provided storage, production, transportation, adn marketing
* Guaranteed freedom from feudal lords
* Bourgeoisie arose

Holy Land

* Levant
* Eastern shores of Middle East
* Includes Jerusalem, Palestine, etc

Investiture

* Symbolic title for a vassal
* Medieval Knighting ritual

Jousts

* Tournaments with Knights for fun and used as court
* Simulated war training

Knights Templar

* Secretive group built to protect pilgrims on the road to the holy land
* Catholic military order

Lombardy

* Germanic people of italy

Magyars

* Central Asian people
* Settled in Hungary
* Launched attacks against Germany, France, and Northern Italy
* Enemies of the Muslims
* Helped fight against Muslims

Medina

* Mohammed and his followers left Mecca for this place
* Many welcomed them
* Here, Mohammed earned respect as a judge
* interacted w/ people of all races and classes under Islam all believers considered equal

Mohammed

* Preached dynamic new faith
* Caravan trade
* Married Khadija
* Meditated
* Believed he was visited by angel Gabriel
* Commanded him to recite in the name of thy lord
* Chosen to become a prophet and bring a new faith to the arabs
* Monotheistic faith

Norsemen

* **North**men or vikings
* Germanic people from the region of Scandinavia in Northern Europe (Denmark, Sweden, Norway)
* Plundered and raided only river and coastal towns and cities

Palestine

* Muslim armies conquered here
* Holy Land
* Goal of Crusades

Persian Gulf

Between Asia and Arabian Peninsula

Primogeniture

* Right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent’s estate
* Only firstborn and not shared

Saladin

* Led Muslims to victory in 1187 as they retook Jerusalem
* Respected among Crusaders

Syria

??Damascus, Syria. Center of Muslim power under Umayyad rule.

* Part of the ottoman empire
* Came under control of the crusades

Troubadours

* Wandering poets; their love songs focused on cherishing and protecting women

Vandals

* Germanic people
* Invaded Gaul before settling in Spain

Abu Bakr

* inherited Leadership after Mohammed’s death
* Became caliph (religious and political head of state)

Angel Gabriel

* Went to Mohammed and told him to recite in the name of thy Lord

Baghdad

* Abbasids moved their Capital here and set up brilliant court

Black Sea

* Between Europe and Asia
* East of Balkans

Byzantine Empire

* Eastern European Empire
* Asked Pope for help against Seljuk TurkS
* Advanced

Ali

* 4th caliph (religious and political head of state)
* Murdered - replaced by an Umayyad

Clovis

* First “king” type person
* Got army w/ loyalty to him
* Administrate territories that they conquer
* Considered first French King
* Eliminated possible rivals to Franks
* Gained support of Pope
* Converted Franks to Catholicism
* Forged Frankish Kingdom

Council of Claremont

* Pope Urban II proposed first crusade here
* Gave one of the best speeches in history to pump up people to fight Crusades

Decrease of Nobility

* After the crusades the power of kings grew


* Nobles had to sell land and lost feudal power
* Many nobles died in the Crusades so there were less threats to kings

Exhibitions/Fairs

* Cities held these to encourage trade
* By the 1200s they were common and attracted vendors, buyers, merchants, singers, actors, and common people.