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James E. Maddux
author of Self-efficacy
believing you can accomplish what you want to accomplish
perhaps the most important ingredient in the recipe of success
The Little Engine That Could
children’s book in Self-Efficacy
“people’s beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their actions”
basic premise of self-efficacy theory
Self Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavior Change
Albert Bandura’s 1977 Psychological Review article
Self-efficacy
not perceived skill; it is what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions
Causal Attributions
Self-efficacy beliefs are not ______________ which are explanations for events, including my own behavior and its consequences
Intentions
what I say I will probably do; and research has shown that this is influenced by, but not limited to, self-efficacy
Self-esteem
what I believe about myself, and how I feel about what I believe about myself
Behavior-Outcome Expectancy
my belief that a specific behavior may lead to a specific outcome in a specific situation
Self-efficacy Belief
the belief that I can perform the behavior that produces the outcome
Social Cognitive Theory
Self-efficacy is best understood in the context of ______________—an approach to understanding human cognition, action, motivation, and emotion that assumes that we are active shapers of rather than simply passive reactors to our environments
cognitively, effectively, behaviorally
According to the second premise of the social cognitive theory, we respond ________, ____________, and _____________ to environmental events.
Self-observation
analyze and evaluate our own behavior, thoughts, and emotions
Self-Regulation
At the heart of _____________ is our ability to anticipate or develop expectancies—to use past knowledge and experience to form beliefs about future events and states and beliefs about our abilities and behavior.
capacity for symbolic thought, capacity for self-observation and self-reflection
Early development of self-efficacy is influenced by two factors
Sense of Personal Agency
The development of a _______________ begins in infancy and moves from the perception of the causal relationship between events, to an understanding that actions produce results, to the recognition that one can produce actions that cause results
Exploration
The development of efficacy beliefs encourages ___________, which in turn enhances the infant’s sense of agency.
performance experiences, vicarious experiences, imaginal experiences, verbal persuasion, physiological and emotional states
Five primary sources of self-efficacy beliefs
Performance Experiences
our own attempts to control our environments are the most powerful source of self-efficacy in formation
Vicarious Experiences
Self-efficacy beliefs are influenced also by our observations of the behavior of others and the consequences of those behaviors.
Imaginal Experiences
We can influence self-efficacy beliefs by imagining ourselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively in hypothetical situations.
Verbal Persuasion
Efficacy beliefs are influenced by what others say to us about what they believe we can or cannot do.
Physiological and Emotional States
Influence self-efficacy when we learn to associate poor performance or perceived failure with aversive physiological arousal and success with pleasant feeling states.
psychological adjustment, physical health, self-regulation, psychotherapy, collective efficacy
five areas where self-efficacy is most important
Depression
Low self-efficacy expectancies are an important feature of _______________
Dysfunctional Anxiety
_________________ and avoidant behavior are often the direct result of low self efficacy expectancies for managing threatening situations.
Enablement Factors
the personal resources that allow people “to select and structure their environments in ways that set a successful course for their lives”
adoption of healthy behaviors, influence a number of biological processes
beliefs about self-efficacy influences health in two ways
protection motivation theory, health belief model, theory of planned behavior
major theories of health behavior that include self-efficacy as a key component
Catecholamines
a family of neurotransmitters important to the management of stress and perceived threat, along with the endogenous painkillers referred to as endorphins
goals or standards of performance, self-evaluative reactions to performance, self-efficacy beliefs
Self regulation (simplified) depends on three interacting components
task-diagnostic, self-diagnostic
high self-efficacy:_____________::low self-efficacy:________________
Psychotherapy
professionally guided interventions designed to enhance psychological well-being, while acknowledging that self-regulation plays an important role in all such interventions
Guided Mastery
in vivo experience with the feared object or situation during therapy sessions, or between sessions as “homework” assignments, most effective intervention for phobias
hypnosis, biofeedback, relaxation training, meditation, medication
Most common strategies for reducing physiological arousal typically associated with low self-efficacy and poor performance.
Collective Efficacy
a group’s shared belief in its conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainments
Enablement
The emphasis of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory on the development of ______________—providing people with skills for selecting and attaining the life goals they desire—over prevention and risk reduction is consonant with both of these emphases.
psychological adjustment, psychological problems, physical health, professionally and self-guided behavioral changes
areas that self-efficacy play a crucial role in
volition, will
researchers tried to understand the role of ___________ (the act of choosing) and the __________ in human behavior