AP WORLD vocab

topics 1-12 +15/33

Animism

The belief that non-human entities, such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects, possess a spiritual essence or soul.

Shamanism

A spiritual practice involving a practitioner who interacts with the spirit world through rituals, drumming, and trance states.

Shintoism

A traditional Japanese religion that emphasizes the worship of kami, which are spirits associated with natural elements, ancestors, and sacred places.

pastoral societies

depend on livestock

ex: arab bedouins

dharma

cosmic law and social order

theravada

conservative buddhism, maily in southwest asia

mahayana

main objective: obtaining the approval of the bodhisattvas

mandate of heaven

Definition: A philosophical concept from ancient China that justifies the rule of a king or emperor. It asserts that heaven grants the right to govern based on virtue and moral integrity. If a ruler becomes corrupt or tyrannical, the mandate can be withdrawn, leading to their downfall and the rise of a new leader deemed worthy. This principle was used to explain the legitimacy of dynasties and the cyclical nature of Chinese history.

monasticism

This practice often involves living in a community or in solitude, following strict rules, and engaging in prayer, meditation, and asceticism. It aims to achieve a deeper connection with the divine and often includes vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

greco-roman philosophy

a philosophical tradition that originated in ancient Greece and Rome, and is known for its emphasis on reason, ethics, and the nature of existence

syncretism

blending of religions

ex: blending of confucianism, taoism before&after warring states period

Indian ocean maritime system

This system facilitated the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas between Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Key features include the monsoon winds, which enabled seasonal navigation, and the rise of port cities as hubs of trade and cultural exchange.

sunni

the largest branch of Islam, considered the "orthodox" branch, where followers believe that Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad after his death

shi’a

A branch of Islam that believes leadership should have been passed through the Prophet Muhammad's family, particularly his cousin and son-in-law, Ali. Followers emphasize the importance of the Imams

abbasid caliphate

A major Islamic dynasty that ruled from 750 to 1258 CE, known for its cultural, scientific, and economic achievements. It succeeded the Umayyad caliphate and established its capital in Baghdad, which became a center of learning and trade. The dynasty is recognized for fostering advancements in various fields, including mathematics, medicine, and philosophy, as well as promoting the arts and literature

turkic migration

turkic migration from central asian homeland to various parts (middle east, china etc)

south & southeast asia

seljuk turks

turkic migration from central asian homeland to various parts (middle east, china etc)

south & southeast asia

crusades

military campaign organized by western forces to overtake jerusalem which had been taken by muslim forces

originally from western europe, moved into south middle east (Jerusalem)

ulama

islamic scholars

sufis

mystical movement of islam, competed with buddhists

southernization

Definition: A process where southern regions influence culture, economy, and politics, often leading to the adoption of southern traits in other areas. This can involve shifts in agricultural practices, social structures, and lifestyle choices, reflecting the integration of southern values and norms into broader contexts.

Example: The spread of southern cuisine and music styles across the United States.

Significance: Highlights cultural exchange and adaptation, showcasing how regional characteristics can shape national identity.

mongols

tolerant of religion, nomadic society,

AFTER ghengis death

4 subdivisions of mongol empire- khanats

russia looted and destroyed

PAX MONGOLICA

hulegu

mongol ruler who conquered much of western asia

mamluks

enslaved people who were set to serve as soldiers and later bureaucrats by the arabs that enslaved them

from central asia, eastern euro

mahmud of ghazni

launched many attacks in India, paved the way for later islamic invasions, his capital was in afghanistan

delhi/delhi sultanate

series of muslim dynasties that ruled over india

malacca

significant maritime trading empire in southeast asia

dar-al-islam

“House of Islam” places encompassing islam dominant regions

al-andalus/muslim iberia

muslim controlled iberian peninsula (spain, portugal) during the middle ages

arab (islamic) agricultural revolution

during islamic golden age, increased food production due to introduction of new crops and practices

bhakti cults/bhakti movement

hindu movement, with a focus on a personal connection to God, regardless of social standing or sex, in competition with islam for conversions

srivijaya

buddhist trading empire that influenced much of southeast asia

ethiopia

christian kingdom in africa

East Africa

copts

egypt, one of the earliest christian communities

Africa

sahel

important trade route

Africa

sudanic states

placed along trans-saharan trade routes, adopted islam (ex ghana, mali)

West Africa

gold

Ghana

Africa

trans-saharan caravan routes

Trans-saharan caravan routes

connected north africa to sub-saharan africa

Mali

centers of learning, wealth

West Africa

sundiata

founder of mali, established centraized gov, boosted trade

West Africa

mansa musa

immense weath accumulated through gold, his pilgrimage to mecca put mali on a global scale

griots

african storytellers who preserved history by reciting it

West Africa

Ibn Battuta

from morocco, visited much of africa and doccumented it for the western world

timbuktu

trade city, wealthy from gold

West Africa

songhay (songhai)

dominated western sahel

West Africa

sharia

set of islamic laws determined by islamic scholars based of quaran

swahili

bantu speaking people on east african coast, shows implementation of arab

Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala

city states in east africa who participated in trade

Benin

culturally rich kingdom

East Africa

Kongo

centralized, participated heavily in trade

Great Zimbabwe

well constructed centers of learning

wealth derived from gold trade

Southern Africa

constantinople

capital of byzantine empire

Eastern Europe

justinian

created justinian legal code

Eastern Europe

hagia sophia

church turned to mosque

Eastern Europe

kiev

early slavic city

Eastern Europe

Eastern Orthodox

split from catholicism, balkans

middle ages

500 AD-1450 AD

lack of cultural, societal, intellectual, political, and economic processes

feudalism

strengthening of church and state relationship

Western Europe

charlemagne

king of franks, and holy roman empire

extended christian civilization into northern europe

furthered blending of german, roman, and christian traditions

Western Europe

Holy Roman Empire

reunited europe

vikings

invaders of western europe that came from scandinavia

Manorialism

economic system that revolved around self sufficient farming, where serfs and lords shared the land

Western Europe

serfs/serfdom

tenant where a serf is bound to his land and to his lord

Western Europe

feudalism

A social and economic system that dominated medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for service and loyalty between lords and vassals.

vassals

A person who received a fief from a lord and was obligated to provide military service and loyalty in return.

magna carta

a royal charter of political rights given to rebellious english barons by king john

parliament

body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

hundred years’ war

long series of france and england over control of the French crown

crusades

a series of christian military conquests to take jerusalem which had been occupied by muslims, increased christian influences, exposed christians to muslim world

investiture

a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.

thomas aquinas

St. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries and was adopted as the official philosophy of the church in 1917.

scholasticism

a method of learning more than a philosophy or a theology, since it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions.

hanseatic league

created to protect the economic interests and sovereignty of cities and towns in northern Europe.

guilds

a community of people engaged in the same skilled occupation (like blacksmith or tanner), who work together to further their interests and protect their industry.

bubonic plague

spread through silk roads

little ice age

The Little Ice Age was a period of wide-spread cooling that lasted from the end of the Medieval Warm Period early in the 14th century, until the present-day warming trend that started in the middle to late 19th century (graph below).

black death

devastating plague medieval

romanesque

combining features of roman and byzantine in architecture

gothic

pointed arches

italian city states

venice, milan, florence, papal states, naples

Venice

a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important centre of commerce

maya city-states

ikal, Calakmul, Palenque, and Caracol dominating the landscape. This era saw the flourishing of monumental architecture, sophisticated writing systems, and intricate calendrical and astronomical knowledge

Mesoamerica

Toltecs

a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class; had a capital city of Tula; influenced the Maya; introduced the working of gold and silver; spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl;

Mesoamerica

Quetzalcoatl

a major deity in Aztec mythology, often depicted as a "Feathered Serpent," considered a creator god associated with knowledge, learning, wind, and the planet Venus

Latin America

tenochtitlan

an ancient city built by the Aztecs on an island in Lake Texcoco in 1325.

Latin America

Huitzilopochtli

Huitzilopochtli is the name of an Aztec deity who served a dual purpose as the god of War and god of the Sun

Chinampas

artificial agricultural islands built up with rafts, mud, and soils in order to support farming.

came from developed during the time of the Aztecs in the region of Lake Xochimilco, south of Mexico City.

increased agriculture

Pochtea

Professional merchants among the aztecs

Calpulli

clans that Aztec society had divided itself into. They provided residence and kinship to their people and welcomed allies, neighbors and dependants.

South America

Andean South America

areas of south america civilized before spanish conquering (moche, chimor incan)

Mit’a

a labor system used by the Inca Empire where communities were required to send a certain number of workers to fulfill labor obligations for state projects, such as building infrastructure and agricultural work.

Quipu (khipu)

instrument used by inca to record numerical information

Allyus

incan clan that worked together to carry out projects for the ruler

Cuzco

capital of incan empire, located in peru

Quechua

capital of incan empire, located in peru

Waru Waru

agricultural techniques of south america, combines raised beds with irrigation

terracing

creating steps of flat, arable land into mountainous terrain

chaco/pueblo

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

mesa verde

large cliff dwelling in Colorado,holds several thousand people,dwellings were easy to defend,offered protection-provided a safe place for Anasazi

hangzhou

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

East Asia