AP WORLD vocab

topics 1-12 +15/33

animism

animism

Definition: The belief that non-human entities, such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects, possess a spiritual essence or soul. This worldview often attributes consciousness and life to the natural world, influencing cultural practices and religious beliefs in various societies. It emphasizes a connection between humans and nature, fostering respect and reverence for all living things.

shamanism

Definition: A spiritual practice involving a practitioner who interacts with the spirit world through rituals, drumming, and trance states. This practice seeks to heal individuals, connect with ancestors, and gain insights from spiritual guides. It often emphasizes the balance between the physical and spiritual realms, and may include elements of nature, community, and traditional beliefs.

shintoism

Definition: A traditional Japanese religion that emphasizes the worship of kami, which are spirits associated with natural elements, ancestors, and sacred places. It involves rituals and practices to connect with these spirits and maintain harmony with nature. Shintoism is characterized by shrines, festivals, and a deep reverence for the natural world. It coexists with Buddhism in Japan, influencing cultural practices and beliefs.

depend on livestock

ex: arab bedouins

pastoral societies

dharma

cosmic law and social order

theravada

conservative buddhism, maily in southwest asia

mahayana

main objective: obtaining the approval of the bodhisattvas

mandate of heaven

Definition: A philosophical concept from ancient China that justifies the rule of a king or emperor. It asserts that heaven grants the right to govern based on virtue and moral integrity. If a ruler becomes corrupt or tyrannical, the mandate can be withdrawn, leading to their downfall and the rise of a new leader deemed worthy. This principle was used to explain the legitimacy of dynasties and the cyclical nature of Chinese history.

monasticism

monasticism

Front:What is a religious practice characterized by the renunciation of worldly pursuits and the commitment to spiritual work?

Back:This practice often involves living in a community or in solitude, following strict rules, and engaging in prayer, meditation, and asceticism. It aims to achieve a deeper connection with the divine and often includes vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

greco-roman philosophy

Definition:.a philosophical tradition that originated in ancient Greece and Rome, and is known for its emphasis on reason, ethics, and the nature of existence

blending of religions

ex: blending of confucianism, taoism before&after warring states period

syncretism

This system facilitated the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas between Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. It played a crucial role in the development of trade routes, connecting various civilizations through commerce and cultural interaction. Key features include the monsoon winds, which enabled seasonal navigation, and the rise of port cities as hubs of trade and cultural exchange.

indian ocean maritime system

The largest denomination of Islam, characterized by the belief in the legitimacy of the first four caliphs as successors to Muhammad. Followers emphasize the Sunnah (traditions) of the Prophet and prioritize community consensus. Sunni practices and beliefs include the Five Pillars of Islam, and they often hold a more flexible interpretation of Islamic law compared to other sects.

sunni

A branch of Islam that believes leadership should have been passed through the Prophet Muhammad's family, particularly his cousin and son-in-law, Ali. Followers emphasize the importance of the Imams, who are considered spiritual and political leaders, and often commemorate events like Ashura, which marks the martyrdom of Hussein, Ali's son. Shi’a Islam has distinct practices and beliefs compared to Sunni Islam, including specific rituals and interpretations of Islamic law.

shi’a

Definition: A major Islamic dynasty that ruled from 750 to 1258 CE, known for its cultural, scientific, and economic achievements. It succeeded the Umayyad caliphate and established its capital in Baghdad, which became a center of learning and trade. The dynasty is recognized for fostering advancements in various fields, including mathematics, medicine, and philosophy, as well as promoting the arts and literature. Its decline was marked by internal strife and the rise of regional powers, culminating in the Mongol invasion.

Abbasid caliphate

turkic migration from central asian homeland to various parts (middle east, china etc)

Turkic migration

conquests, defeated crusaders, paved the way for west decline

Seljuk turks

military campaign organized by western forces to overtake jerusalem which had been taken by muslim forces

crusades

islamic scholars

ulama

mystical movement of islamic faith

sufis

Definition: A process where southern regions influence culture, economy, and politics, often leading to the adoption of southern traits in other areas. This can involve shifts in agricultural practices, social structures, and lifestyle choices, reflecting the integration of southern values and norms into broader contexts.

Example: The spread of southern cuisine and music styles across the United States.

Significance: Highlights cultural exchange and adaptation, showcasing how regional characteristics can shape national identity.

southernization

tolerant of religion, nomadic society,

AFTER ghengis death

4 subdivisions of mongol empire- khanats

russia looted and destroyed

PAX MONGOLICA

mongols

mongol ruler who conquered much of western asia

Hulegu

enslaved people who were set to serve as soldiers and later bureaucrats by the arabs that enslaved them

Mamluks

launched many attacks in India, paved the way for later islamic invasions, his capital was in afghanistan

Mahmud of Ghazni

series of muslim dynasties that ruled over india

Delhi/Delhi Sultanate

significant maritime trading empire in southeast asia

Malacca

“House of Islam” places encompassing islam dominant regions

Dar-al-islam

muslim controlled iberian peninsula (spain, portugal) during the middle ages

Al-Andalus/Muslim Iberia

during islamic golden age, increased food production due to introduction of new crops and practices

Arab (islamic) agricultural revolution

hindu movement, with a focus on a personal connection to God, regardless of social standing or sex, in competition with islam for conversions

Bhakti cults/bhakti movement

buddhist trading empire that influenced much of southeast asia

Srivijaya

christian kingdom in africa

Ethiopia

egypt, one of the earliest christian communities

Copts

important trade route

Sahel

placed along trans-saharan trade routes, adopted islam (ex ghana mali)

Sudanic states

gold

Ghana

connected meditterannean with west africa

Trans-saharan caravan routes

centers of learning, wealth

Mali

founder of mali, established centraized gov, boosted trade

Sundiata

immense weath accumulated through gold, his pilgrimage to mecca put mali on a global scale

Mansa musa

african storytellers who preserved history by reciting it

Griots

traveler who explored islamic world

Ibn Battuta

trade city, wealthy from gold

Timbuktu

dominated western sahel

Songhay (Songhai)

set of islamic laws determined by islamic scholars based of quaran

Sharia

bantu speaking people on east african coast, shows implimentation of arab

Swahili

city states in east africa who participated in trade

Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala

culturally rich kingdom , east africa

Benin

centralized, participated heavily in trade

Kongo

well constructed centers of learning

Great Zimbabwe

capital of byzantine empire

Constantinople

created justinian legal code

Justinian

church turned to mosque

Hagia Sophia

early slavic city

Kiev

split from catholicism, balkans

Eastern Orthodox

500 AD-1450 AD

lack of cultural, societal, intellectual, political, and economic processes

feudalism

strengthening of church and state relationship

Middle Ages

king of franks, and holy roman empire

extended christian civilization into northern europe

furthered blending of german, roman, and christian traditions

Charlemagne

reunited europe

Holy Roman Empire

invaders of europe that came from scandinavia

Vikings

economic system that revolved around self sufficient farming, where serfs and lords shared the land

Manorialism

tenant where a serf is bound to his land and to his lord

Serfs/serfdom

A social and economic system that dominated medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for service and loyalty between lords and vassals.

Feudalism

A person who received a fief from a lord and was obligated to provide military service and loyalty in return.

Vassals

a royal charter of political rights given to rebellious english barons by king john

Magna Carta

body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Parliament

long series of france and england over control of the French crown

Hundred Years’ War

a series of christian military conquests to take jerusalem which had been occupied by muslims, increased christian influences, exposed christians to muslim world

Crusades

a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.

Investiture

St. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries and was adopted as the official philosophy of the church in 1917.

Thomas Aquinas

a method of learning more than a philosophy or a theology, since it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions.

Scholasticism

created to protect the economic interests and sovereignty of cities and towns in northern Europe.

Hanseatic league

a community of people engaged in the same skilled occupation (like blacksmith or tanner), who work together to further their interests and protect their industry.

Guilds

spread through silk roads

Bubonic Plague

The Little Ice Age was a period of wide-spread cooling that lasted from the end of the Medieval Warm Period early in the 14th century, until the present-day warming trend that started in the middle to late 19th century (graph below).

Little Ice Age

devastating plague medieval

Black Death

combining features of roman and byzantine in architecture

Romanesque

pointed arches

Gothic

venice, milan, florence, papal states, naples

Italian-city-states

a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important centre of commerce

Venice

ikal, Calakmul, Palenque, and Caracol dominating the landscape. This era saw the flourishing of monumental architecture, sophisticated writing systems, and intricate calendrical and astronomical knowledge

this is where new stuff starts I think? Maya city-states

a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class; had a capital city of Tula; influenced the Maya; introduced the working of gold and silver; spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl;

Toltecs

aztec nature god

Quetzalcoatl

an ancient city built by the Aztecs on an island in Lake Texcoco in 1325.

Tenochtitlan

Huitzilopochtli is the name of an Aztec deity who served a dual purpose as the god of War and god of the Sun

Huitzilopochtli

artificial agricultural islands built up with rafts, mud, and soils in order to support farming.

came from developed during the time of the Aztecs in the region of Lake Xochimilco, south of Mexico City.

increased agriculture

Chinampas

Professional merchants among the aztecs

Pochtea

clans that Aztec society had divided itself into. They provided residence and kinship to their people and welcomed allies, neighbors and dependants.

Calpulli

areas of south america civilized before spanish conquering (moche, chimor incan)

Andean South America

a labor system used by the Inca Empire where communities were required to send a certain number of workers to fulfill labor obligations for state projects, such as building infrastructure and agricultural work.

Mit’a

instrument used by inca to record numerical information

Quipu (khipu)

incan clan that worked together to carry out projects for the ruler

Ayllus

capital of incan empire, located in peru

Cuzco

language of the inca

Quechua

agricultural techniques of south america, combines raised beds with irrigation

Waru waru

creating steps of flat, arable land into mountainous terrain

Terracing

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Chaco/Pueblo

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Cahokia

large cliff dwelling in Colorado,holds several thousand people,dwellings were easy to defend,offered protection-provided a safe place for Anasazi

Mesa Verde

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

Hangzhou