hass exam year 10

civics and history

representative democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

constitution

A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

liberal democracy

A form of democracy that emphasizes individual freedoms, civil rights, and the rule of law.

separation of powers

A model of governance where the state's powers are divided into distinct branches to prevent abuse of power.

three branches of Australia's system of government

The legislative, executive, and judicial branches that operate independently to ensure checks and balances.

democratic elections

Elections that are conducted in a manner that is regular, free, and fair, allowing citizens to choose their representatives.

socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

opposition to the state in China

Managed through strict censorship, surveillance, and suppression of dissent to maintain the authority of the ruling party.

three branches of China's system of government

The Communist Party, the state, and the military, which operate under the leadership of the Communist Party.

threat to democracy

Any action or ideology that undermines the principles of democratic governance, such as authoritarianism or populism.

social cohesion

The bonds that bring society together, enabling cooperation and a sense of belonging among individuals.

marginalisation

The process by which certain groups are pushed to the edges of society, limiting their access to resources and opportunities.

populism

A political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people, often against the elite.

rule of law

The principle that all individuals and institutions are accountable to the law, which is fairly applied and enforced.

AI

Artificial Intelligence, the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.

hierarchy of the courts

The system that ranks courts in order of authority and jurisdiction, with higher courts having the power to overrule lower courts.

safeguard to democracy

Measures or institutions that protect democratic processes and principles from being undermined.

jurisdictions of the High Court

The authority of the High Court to hear cases involving constitutional matters, appeals from lower courts, and significant legal issues.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

fascism

A political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism, centralized control, and suppression of opposition.

policy of appeasement

A diplomatic strategy aimed at avoiding conflict by making concessions to an aggressive power.

women's roles during World War II

Significantly changed as women took on jobs traditionally held by men, contributing to the war effort and gaining more independence.

Japanese expansionism in the Pacific

The strategy pursued by Japan to expand its territory and influence in the Pacific region during the early 20th century.

Kokoda Trail campaign

A significant military campaign in World War II where Australian forces defended against Japanese advances in Papua New Guinea.

conditions in Japanese POW camps

Often harsh and brutal, with inadequate food, medical care, and severe treatment of prisoners.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime during World War II.

Atomic Bombs

Nuclear weapons used by the United States against Japan in 1945, leading to Japan's surrender in World War II.