AP Huge Unit 5 Notecards

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89 Terms

1

Agrarian

characteristic of farmers or their way of life

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2

agribusiness

highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership

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3

agriculture

the cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

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4

aquaculture

the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food

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5

biotechnology

any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives there of, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

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6

cadastral system

survey system that determines the value extent, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation

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7

cerial grain / stable grains

maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced gains worldwide

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8

collective farms

regards a system of agricultural organization where as farms laborers are not compensated via wages. rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity

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9

commercial agriculture

used to describe large scale farming and racnhing operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology

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10

commodity chains

a sequential process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities and finially distribute them to customers

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11

intensive agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity

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12

extensive agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

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13

crop rotation

the practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exausting the soil

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14

dairying

an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk which may be either processed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventually retail sale

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15

debt for nature swamp

an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors. Creditors agree to forgive debts in return for environmental protection

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16

domestication hearths for plants and animals

a part of the world where plant or animal domestication occurs on a large scale

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17

double cropping

a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested

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18

economic activity

the types of jobs that are necessary to have in the world

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19

primary economic activity

(extractive sector) concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment

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20

secondary econmic activity

(manufacturing sector) processing of products and assembling raw minerals

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21

teritiary economic activity

(service sector) provides us with transportation, communication, and utillities

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22

quaternary economic activity

concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of data and capitol

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23

quinary economic activity

require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill

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24

environmental modifications

changes made to the environment

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25

chemical farming

increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

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26

pesticides

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or migrating any pest

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27

herbicides

type of pesticide used to kill unwanted plants

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28

fertilizer

any substance, such as manure, or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity

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29

soil erosion

the washing away of soil by the flow of water

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30

shifting cultivation

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

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31

slash - and - burn

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

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32

milpa

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

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33

swidden

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

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34

nomadic herding

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

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35

pastoralism

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

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36

extractive industry

industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth

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37

feedlot

a factory-like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying

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38

first agricultural revolution

dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

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39

fishing

the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water

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40

food chain

the feeding relationships between species

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41

forestry

the art, science, and practice of studing and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources

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42

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

organisms whose genes have been modified to increase things such as control over it, predictability, and efficiency

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43

globalized agriculture

diffusion of agriculture across the globe

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44

green revolution

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer

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45

horticulture

the art or science of cultivation fruits, vegetables, flowers. or ornamental plants

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46

intertillage

the manual clearing of rows in the field though the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

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47

livestock ranching

a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat

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48

luxury crops

specialized crops not typically not essential to human survival

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49

market gardening

the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegtables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

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50

Mediterranean agriculture

accounts for virtually all olive oil produced worldwide, 60% of wine production, 45% of grape production, 25% of dried nuts, 20% of citrus production, and about 12% of total cereal production

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51

milkshed

a region producing milk for a specific community

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52

mineral fuels

are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil, or natural gas formed from the remains of dead plants and animals

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53

monoculture

producing or growing one crop over a wide area

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54

organic agriculture

approach to farming and raching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs

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55

paddy

a small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes

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56

pasture

land covered with grass or herbage and grazed by or suitable for grazing livestock

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57

planned economy

economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services

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58

plantation agriculture

a system of mnoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capitol

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59

primogeniture

system in which the eldest son in a large family (or daughter if necessary) inherits all of the dying parent's land

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60

reaper

a machine for cutting standing grain

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61

renewable resource

can be replaced without a long wait time

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62

non-renewable resource

a resource that must be depleted to be used

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63

ridge tillage

contemporary and traditional cropping system in which plants grow on a hill or a band

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64

rural settlement

sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities

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65

dispersed settlements

a type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other

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66

nucleated settlements

a relatively dense settlement form

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67

building material

wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass, and bush

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68

village forms

linear- tightly packed, need land for farming

cluster- may have began as a hamlet, then further developed

round- keep animals inside, houses surrounding them

walled- farm villages fortified for protection

grid- easy to get around in, modern

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69

sawah

a wet rice field

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70

second agricultural revolution

included improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

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71

specialization

where individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged

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72

spring wheat

wheat planted in the spring

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73

winter wheat

wheat planted in the fall, harvested in spring

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74

subsistence agriculture

self-sufficient agriculture that is smallscale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade

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75

extensive subsistence agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

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76

intensive subsistence agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capitol to increase agricultural productivity

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77

suitcase farm

an american commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives

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78

survey patterns

patterns used to survey the land on Earth

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79

long lots

houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access

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80

metes - and - bounds

uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances to define the bounaries of a perpendicular piece of land

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81

township - and - range

land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range), which are also further divided

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82

sustainable yield

ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of the capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same time, or increasing level over time

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83

third agricultural revolution

mechanization, chemical farming, and food manufacturing

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84

"tragedy of the commons"

class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good

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85

Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastorialists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

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86

truck farm

commercial gardening and fruit farming so named because the word was a middle English word meaning bartering of the exchange of commodities

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87

wattle

an organization of interwoven plant materials used as a fence, preventing sedimentation by runoff and erosion

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88

wet rice

rice grown on arable, wet paddy fields

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89

winnow

a device that separates grain from the chaff (from the plant)

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