HI 403 Test 3-Zila

Christian empire

Christendom

melting pot

Germano-Latin culture

language important to the regular clergy, unifying langiage

Latin

marked the end of Rome

Vernacular

focus shifted to countryside rather than the cities, needed land for wealth

lack of urbanity

average size of a manor

300-500 acres

average lifespan of a man during the Middle Ages

30 years

church began to implement these elements into their doctrine to bring people into the church

superstitions

life centered around the

cathedral, castle, and monastery

German plow
field rotation rather than crop rotation

limits of agriculture

core of society

manor

lord's lands

demesne

death tax

Heriot

Yorkshire scholar brought from England by Charlemagne in 781

Alcuin

Alcuin came to Europe

781

ancient lowercase letters, intellectual inheritance from the Carolingian

Carolingian miniscule

coinage from Rome
1 pound of silver cost 146 pieces

Denarius

heard cases of property rights

inquest

brought about knights

Charlemagne

judges rotated throughout the kingdom, hearing cases and keeping eyes on dukes and counts

Missi

smart, but weak
his sons carved up the Empire with the Treaty of Verdun

Louis the Pious

Came from Scandinavia

Vikings

thought feudalism was a construct

F.W. Maitland

feudalism was popularized during this time to stir up the bourgoise

French Revolution

"public power in private hands"

J.R. Strayer

it's about the other things: government, church, economy

March Bloch

Celtic word for boy

vassal

mounted soldiers who had an advantage

knights

armor that originated in Tibet, interlocking leather plates
light and inexpensive

lamellar armor

movable armor, good for slashes and, not blunt force

chain mail

apex of armor, stops almost anything, heavy and mobile

plate armor

the sign that the lord and vassal are bound together

homage

owed 40 days of military service out of the year

vassal

pay the king rather than giving knights

scuddage

places protection on young girls and widows of peerage, pay the king to marry who they wanted

wardship

more marriages, more money

wedding presents

the divinely ordained hierarchical order of the world

Cantor

the concept of loyalty with honor

the standard

a fate worse than death

disenfranchisement

the church

ecclesia

world

mundane

End of Carolingian Empire

Norman Feudal State

new rising French ruler, church-approved
not a lot of say in the countryside, dukes in control

Hugh Capet

Duke of Normandy
strongest state in Europe, west of the Rhine
originally Vikings
becomes a French vassal to become legit

Rollo

support Hugh Capet
bring in clerics to improve the church
bind the lay nobility

steps to power

William's half-brother, whom he made Bishop of Bayeux

Odo

William's father, Duke of Normandy

Robert I

fled from England from Canute the Dane
sent Harold as an emissary

Ethelred the unready

successor of Ethelred

Edward the Confessor

movement in the church to stop unnecessary fighting
William got involved

Truce of God

cleaned up the churches
no building of castles without permission

William I

tribes

stems

leaders of the tribes

dukes

last of the Carolingians dies

911

king after Louis the Child

Conrad I

unite the duchies
bring the Magyars in line
war brought them all together

Henry the Fowler

beginning of the true German monarchy
made emperor by the Archibisop of Mainz
(different from Charlemagne)

Otto the Great

key to Otto's success

lay investiture

not the greatest administrator
marries into the Byzantine line
invades Southern Italy and dies of malaria

Otto II

Gerbert of Orolach
attempted a federal empire

Pope Sylvester

beginning of German heritage

Ottonian

spirit

geist

the Benedict Order was the prototype for church and state cooperation in the Middle Ages

Cluniac Ideal

intellectual expression
advisors to government officials
Norman church

equilibrium

official intercessors to God for the people
only responsible to the Pope
money
non-threatening
nobles take church doctrine seriously/fanatical devotion

Cluny Monastery

brought a revival of caesaropapism
Papal Struggle/Council of Sutri
created serf-knight, freedman

Henry III

corrupt pope who Henry chased out
comes back later

Pope Benedict IX

pope who replaced Benedict IX

Pope Sylvester III

pope who replaced Sylvester

Pope Gregory VI

pope who replaced Gregory

Pope Clement II

first people to go on pilgrimages

aristocracy

Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Church of the Holy Nativity
St. Peter's Basilica
Santiago de Compostela

pilgrimage destinations

church needed the loyalty of knights
concerned with feudal obligations
church wants to be a political power

Investiture Controversy

revolt against the Cluniac Ideal
individualism over the corporate
the threat of losing position in society

causes for reforms

hammer of reform

Cardinals

most loved and respected and least controversial Gregorian reformer
clerical celibacy
individual experience of salvation
fanatcism
faith v. sacraments

St. Peter of Damiani

thought the Cluniacs had betrayed Benedict
Great Schism of 1054
Papal ambassador to Constantinople was Hildebrand
simony
Donatist
Gregorian Reformer

Cardinal Humbert of Silver Candida

Pope Gregory VII
the holy Satan
canon law
Dictatus Papae
majority of kings went to Hell
Radical Gregorian Reformer

Hildebrand

Roman Church founded by God alone
only the Pope's power is universal
only the Pope can deal with bishops
Pope is the final authority on canon
Pope is infallible

Dictatus Papae

Reformer from Spain
Concordant of 1111-goal to give the land to the German crown
apostolic poverty

Pope Paschal II

defended the idea of theocratic kingship
Charlemagne

Anonymous of York

took a middle of the road stance on reform and calls for calm
slow integration of reforms

Bishop Ivo of Chartres

Treatise of Royal Sacerdotal Power
kings must remain above the church

Hugh of Fleury

Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

German Investiture Controversy

Perhaps the ablest and wisest German ruler of the Middle Ages (of Henry IV)

Cantor

almost set up another Normandy
Gregory does not support him
he tells Gregory he will get rid of him
excommunicated and made to beg outside Canossa
attacks Rome again

Henry IV

Canossa

1077

the pope Henry IV puts in place of Gregory
antipope

Clement III

theocratic kingship killed
two swords doctrine enforced
put church on the political stage

results of Henry IV

tried to put Europe back together through the Crusades

Pope Urban II

smooths ruffled feathers

Pope Paschal II

nobility gives up lay investiture and allowed the church to subinfudiate the bishops and cardinals
doesn't help centralize the German nobles-dukes
Pope Calixtus II

Concordant of Worms

battle of Hastings

1066

Anglo-Saxons: good at everything but government and warfare

Cantor

English king who fled to Normandy from Canute the Dane

Ethelred the Unready

pious English King
told William he would be his successor

Edward the Confessor

wife of Ethelred, sister of Robert of Normandy

Emma

unification
feudalism
new language and churches
division of land
curia regis
shire reeves
taxes

Norman contributions

Anglo-Saxon ancestor of shire reeves

alderman

death taqx

heriot