CVPP Week 3-Recent- Tunica Media/Tunica Intima

What is the Tunica Media made out of

Smooth muscle

T/F The Smooth/visceral muscle of the tunica media can divide

True

What are the functions of the Tunica Media's Arteries

Smooth muscle contraction creates most of the total peripheral resistance

What happens in the Arteries of the Tunica Media

Vasoconstriction reduces flow

What acts as valves in the Arteries of the Tunica Media

Muscular arterioles

What is the function of Veins in the Tunica Media

Smooth muscle contraction creates venomotor tone

What increases the flow in the Veins of the Tunica media

Venoconstriction

What is the main cause for all the pathologies for the Arteries of the Tunica media

Arteriosclerosis

What are all of the pathologies for the Arteries in the Tunica media

Atherosclerosis, Buerger's disease, Monckeburg's disease, Tunica media fibrosis

What are the pathologies for the Veins in the Tunica Media

Phlebitis

What is Atherosclerosis

Deposit of fatty plaque, accumulation usually from lifestyle and diet

What is being deposited in the fatty plaque of Atherosclerosis

Oxidized LDL

Where is the plaque from Atherosclerosis being deposited

In the macrophage

What is it called when oxidizedd LDL is in the macrophage for Atherosclerosis

Foam cell

What is the hallmark sign for Atherosclerosis

Fatty yellow streak

What can be both a cause and effect for Atherosclerosis

Hypertension

What can happen to the arteries in Atherosclerosis

Calcification

What is Advanced Glycation End-products (AGE)

A reaction with sugar to something

What are the 2 ways in which AGE can form

Endogenous and Exogenous

What condition does AGE form abundantly under

Hyperglycemia

T/F AGE needs elimination

True

How is AGE eliminated

RAGE

Where is RAGE found on

Macrophage

What is the AKA for Buerger's disease

Thromboangiitis obliterans

Who does Buerger's disease affect

Tobacco smokers

What is Buerger's disease a hypersensitivity to

Tobacco

What are the early manifestations for Buerger's disease

Cold induced Raynaud's Phenomenon, Foot pain induced by exercise, Patchy inflammation, Thrombotic occlusion

Where in the body do we normally see Thrombotic occlusion with Buerger's disease

In the Limbs

What are the Late manifestations of Buerger's disease

Chronic extremity ulcerations-progress to Gangrene, Thrombi organize and eventually leads to scarring and calcification in the blood vessels

What happens to the lumen of the Artery in Buerger's disease

Lumen gets bigger

What is mainly affected in Buerger's disease

Limb vessels

What happens in Monckeburg's Disease

Calcium deposits in the middle layer of the arteries

Who is Monckeburg's Disease most common in

Diabetics and Tobacco smokers

What is the Hallmark sign for Monckeburg's Disease

Spiraling rings of calcification

What is affected in Monckeburg's Disease

Limb vessels

T/F Monckeburg's Disease is a rare condition

True

What happens in Tunica Media Fibrosis

Smooth muscle is replaced by scar with aging

What happens to TRP in Tunica Media Fibrosis

It increases

What happens with blood pressure in Tunica Media Fibrosis and what else happens

Blood pressure increases with age and a loss of arterial elasticity

What is the flow of blood like in Tunica Media Fibrosis

Slow blood flow

What makes the Arteries become stiff in Tunica Media Fibrosis

Less elastin and more collagen

What is Phlebitis

Injury to a wall of a vein that leads to a response in inflammation

What are the symptoms of Phlebitis

Pain, tenderness, warm and itchy skin, change of color

Where do the symptoms of Phlebitis occur usually

In the extremities

What are the 2 types of Phlebitis

Thrombophlebitis, Phlebothrombosis

What happens in a Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of vein wall precedes the formation of thrombus

What is affects in Thrombophlebitis

Superficial venous inflammation

What happens in Phlebothrombosis

Clot within a vein that is unassociated with inflammation of the wall of the vein

What is affected in Phlebothrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis

What form of Phlebitis can lead to Pulmonary embolus

Phlebothrombosis

What cells make up the Tunica Intima

Simple squamous epithelium, endothelium, lines completes the closed loops

What is the function of the Tunica Intima

maintain even, smooth, laminar flow, prevents undesirable coagulation

What does the Endothelial cells of the Tunica Intima do

Lines the blood vessels and regulates exchange between the blood stream and surround tissues

What does the Tunica Intima secrete

Nitric Oxide

What can the Endothelial cells of the Tunica Intima sense

Tissue hypoxia and waste accumulation

What is the Pathology for the Tunica Intima

Desquamation

What is Desquamation

Loss of endothelial surface from endothelial dysfunction

What can Desquamation be caused by

Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, inflammation

What can Desquamation lead to

Impaired regulation of blood flow, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, development of various cardiovascular diseases

What is the blood pathologies and what are the types

Anemia, microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic

What are the Vascular pathologies (GTKRCP)

Giant cell, takayasu arteritis,, Kawasaki syndrome, Raynaud phenomenon, Cor pulmonale, Polyartheritis nodosa

What are the Congenital pathologies

Tetralogy of Fallot

What are the Neoplastic Pathologies

Hemangioma, Kaposi sarcoma, Atrial myxoma

Anemia can be defined as a decrease in what

RBC count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit %

What is the 2 classifications of Anemia

Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

What are the types of Mean Corpuscular volume

Microcytic, Macrocytic, Normocytic

What are the types of Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

Hypochromic, Hyperchromic, normochromic

Microcytic anemia is caused by what

Problem with heme or problem with globin

If Microcytic anemia is a Heme problem what is it caused by

Iron deficiency or lead poisoning

What is the most common cause of Microcytic anemia

Iron deficiency affecting the heme

What causes a Iron deficiency

Dietary lack of iron, excess blood loss, poor absorption

What are the symptoms of Iron deficiency

Fatigue, weakness, pale skin

What causes lead posioning

Drinking water with excess lead, inhalation of industrial lead fumes, eating lead-based paints

What is the symptoms of lead poisoning

Blue gum line (Burton), decreased cognitive abilities, fatigue

What is the hallmark sign of lead poisoning

Blue gum line (Burton)

If Microcytic anemia is a problem with globin what will cause it

Thalassemia

What is Alpha thalassemia

Gene mutation in alpha-globin

What is Beta thalassemia

Gene mutation in beta-globin

What are the 2 types of Macrocytic anemia

Megaloblastic, non megaloblastic

What is Megaloblastic Anemia caused by

Defective DNA synthesis

What are the 2 causes of Megaloblastic anemia

Folate deficiency and B12 deficiency

What can a Folate deficiency be caused by

Dietary, pregnancy

What can a B12 deficiency be caused by

Dietary (vegan), Absorption issues, pernicious anemia

What is a pernicious anemia

Does not produce enough intrinsic factor

What is non-megaloblastic anemia caused by

Liver disease, alcoholism

What is Normocytic anemia

Normal sized but less blood cells

What are examples of Normocytic anemia

Blood loss, chronic disease, cancer, sickle cell

What happens if there is chronic blood loss in Normocytic anemia

Can lead to microcytic anemia

What is Giant cell Arteritis

Chronic inflammatory disorder, typically with granulomatous inflammation

What is Giant cell Arteritis causing inflammation to

Inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body and arms

What are the common sites of Giant cell Arteritis

Superficial temporal arteries, vertebral arteries, ophthalmic arteries, aorta

What is the most common site of Giant cell Arteritis

Superior temporal arteries

Who is affected in Giant cell Arteritis

Females over 50 that are Northern European decent

What is Giant cell Arteritis associated with

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Where do Giant cells form

Medial layer

What is the big red flag for Giant cell arteritis

Temporal headache

What is Takayasu's Arteritis

Idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of proximal aorta

What happens to the wall of the aorta in Takayasu's Arteritis

Walls of the aorta will thicken, and major arteries emerging from the aorta will be narrowed

Who is Takayasu's Arteritis most common in

Young women of Asian origin

What is Takayasu's Arteritis also called

pulseless disease