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Coordinates

A set of where 2 points (latitude and longitude) intersect

Prime Meridian

Imaginary line/circle at 0 degrees longitude

Cardinal Directions

The most commonly used forms of direction (N, S, E, W); can also be more specific, like NE or SW.

International Date Line

Imaginary line/circle at 180 degrees longitude

Equator

Imaginary line/circle at 0 degrees latitude

Tropic of Cancer

Imaginary line at 23.5 degrees North of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Imaginary line at 23.5 degrees North of the equator

Absolute location

An exact location. Found by either a street address or coordinates

Relative location

Locating a point or place in relation to another point or place

Climate

The average condition of weather over a long period of time with and emphasis on temperature and precipitation averages

Topography

The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

Hemisphere

The world is divided in two - either northern and southern or eastern and western

Physical map

Also known as a topographical map, this kind of map shows the shape of the land with physical features. (rivers, mountains, deserts, land elevation, physical landforms, etc.)

Thematic map

A type of map that displays information on a specific topic or theme. (population density, climate, religion, etc.)

Political map

A map that shows countries, the borders, capital cities, and other major cities. (government boundaries)

Arable land

Land that is suitable for farming/can be used to grow crops

World Regions (10)

S America; C America and the Caribbean; Sub-Saharan Africa; E Asia; S Asia; SE Asia; Europe; Oceania; Middle East (SW Asia/N Africa); Russia, C Asia and Caucasus

Natural resources

Are the basis of life on Earth. We use them to survive and flourish.

Caste system

* A Hindu social class system that impacts daily life (economy, occupation, position, etc.)
* Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisyas, Sudra, and Dalits (untouchables)

Dress

* More conservative societies may have more covering dress as opposed to western standards/ regulations of clothing.
* Includes different types of clothing that people may wear across many different ethnic and cultural groups.
* *India (saris), Iran (headdresses) and Japan (kimonos)* are examples of traditional dress
* Jeans, t-shirts, and shorts are known to be more western-style clothing.

Dowry

Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.

subculture

the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

Ethnic diversity

The differences and variety among people

Language

Most important aspect of culture. Used for communication

Diffusion

Spreading ideas, inventions, or goods to other areas

Feticide

Destruction or abortion of a fetus.

Marriage customs

* Marriage is both legal, as well as a cultural/religious tradition.
* Cultures vary on issues such as ==divorce==, remarriage, and inheritance.
* Some marriages have multiple spouses or just one
* There are different types of marriages

Family structure

* Nuclear: *2* generations living together
* Extended: *Several* generations living together

Attitudes towards elders

* Some groups revere and respect their oldest members, while others see them as senile and incompetent.
* In some societies, children care for their parents at home, while in other cultures, children put their parents in homes where ~~others~~ care for them.

Arranged marriages

* A marriage planned and agreed by the families or guardians of the couple
* The actual couple doesn't choose

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture by the standards of your own

Homogeneous

of the same kind (no diverse ethnicity)

Gender inequality

The inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

Social organization

A pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups

Where can you find indigenous groups/societies?

The Amazon, deserts, Australia, etc.

Family planning

The practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Judaism

* Monotheistic
* Holy book: *Torah*
* Days of Worship: *Shabbat* (Fri at sundown to Sat at sundown)
* Holidays: *Yom* *Kippur* and *Rosh* *Hashanah*
* Found by *Abraham*
* 15 million followers all through the US, Israel, and Europe

Christianity

Monotheistic

Founder by followers of Jesus
Holy book: Bible

Day of worship: Sunday

* Holiday: *Christmas* and ~~*Easter*~~
* Over 2 billion followers, located mostly in Europe, N + S America and Africa

Islam

* Monotheistic
* Holy book: Qu'ran
* Day of worship: Friday afternoon must attend prayers at a mosque
* Major beliefs: accept Allah and 5 pillars of faith
* Found by Muhammad
* 1 billion followers located in Indonesia, Middle East, Africa and Asia

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Hinduism

* Polytheistic (Brahma - creator, Vishnu - preserver, Shiva - destroyer)
* Holy book: Four Vedas
* Day of worhsip: throughout each day
* Believes in reincarnation
* No founder
* Accepts the Hindu caste system
* Followers are mainly located in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal

5 pillars of faith

Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage, and Faith.

Buddhism

* No belief in god
* Found by Buddha
* Holy book: Tipitaka (Buddha's sayings)
* Day of worship: throughout each day
* Major beliefs: Four Noble truths, follow the Eightfold path
* Rejects the Hindu caste system
* 376 million followers, located in parts of SE + E Asia

Sikhism

* Monotheistic religion.
* Found by Guru Nanak
* Rejects the caste system

Extra:

* Followers wear the Five Articles of Faith (such as a turban) and can often be identified by their last name
* Taught that one must honor God by honoring others and the Earth, God's creation

Indigenous

A group that originates in an area and lives a traditional lifestyle (Native)

Atheism

A lack of belief in the existence of God or gods

Animism

The belief that objects or natural events have a discrete/ancestral spirit and conscious life.

Extremism

The holding of extreme political or religious views (fanaticism)

Age Structure

Dividing the population into age categories

Literacy Rate

The ability to read and write at a specified age

Unemployment Rate

The percent of the labor force that is able and willing to work and is without a job

Life Expectancy

The average number of years to be lived by a group of people

Population Growth Rate

The average annual percent change in population

GDP per capita

The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by population

Inflation Rate

The annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices

Maternal mortality rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year

Fertility rate

The average number of births per woman

Supply and Demand

The balance between the price of goods, availability and the desire for goods

Infrastructure

The basic systems that help a country to run

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Traditional Economy

Often based on agriculture. The people produce what they need to survive

Market Economy

People make decisions and show expressions of freedom on services and goods- some examples are Etsy & Ebay.

Command Economy

The government is in control over economic decisions. Little choice and freedom for the people.

Mixed Economy

Both the people and government have control

Communism

common ownership

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum (Saudi Arabia)

Industrialized nation

A nation with large industries and advanced technology that provides a more comfortable way of life than developing nations

Developing nation

A country with low levels of industry and commerce

Balance of trade

The total sum of $ amount of exports minus $ amount of imports.

Subsistence farming

Farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing

Interdependence

Depending on other nations for goods, ideas, services

Population distribution

The spread of people in a given area

Population Density

A measurement of population per unit area (square mile)

Embargo

An official ban on trade with a particular country

Microcredit

* A small loan available to poor entrepreneurs
* Helps small businesses grow and raise living standards

Urbanization

The growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities

Measures of global health

* life expectancy
* infant mortality rate
* maternal mortality rate
* child mortality rate
* Developing nations are likely to have less of an emphasis on this compared to industrialized nations.
* Literacy rate is a common tool used to measure the effectiveness & quality of this.
* *Burkina Faso, Niger, and South Sudan* have *low* literacy rates.
* *Russia, South Korea, Japan, and the US* have *high* literacy rates

Healthcare

* The service of providing medical care (considered to be a part of infrastructure).
* Depending on the literacy rate in a country, the amount of people in healthcare can change.
* Countries with better healthcare usually have a lower infant mortality rate and higher life expectancy.
* South Korea, Denmark, and Japan are known to have very good healthcare systems
* The Demo. Rep. of Congo, Nigeria, and Costa Rica have very poor healthcare systems/not good enough access for the population.

Sanitation

Maintaining clean conditions to prevent disease and promote good health

Diseases

* Caused by pathogens, they can have different effects on an individual's way of life depending on the conditions that they live in.
* In developing countries, the effects may take a higher toll than in industrialized countries.
* The Dominican Republic, Bangladesh, and Burkina Faso are likely to get hit hard if a disease spreads/becomes bad.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Slums

* Areas that people settle in that have no money or skills.
* Outside major India cities like Bangladesh
* Are run down and usually overcrowded.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Outsourcing

Obtaining goods or a service from an outside or foreign supplier (especially in place of an internal source)

Democracy

The people have supreme power and the majority rules

Republic

Where leaders are elected by its citizens (must have choices).

Oligarchy

Few people or a small group have complete control. (rule by power or force)

Theocracy

Based on religious laws and led by religious leaders (can be strict)

Anarchy

The absence or lack of government. Is characterized by disorder and chaos.

Dictatorship

A country ruled by a single leader. (Usually uses force of fear to take power)

Authoritarian

Where a leader or a small elite has absolute power but is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people

Autonomy

Independence and self-government

Absolute Monarchy

Where the monarch (king, queen, etc) have absolute power

Constitutional Monarchy

Where the monarch is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution/laws

Parliamentary Republic

A form of government led by the head of the political party with the most members in legislature.

Nationalism

Love or pride in your country. Form of patriotism

Colonization

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Imperialism

When a stronger country takes over a weaker one usually through diplomacy or military force.