AP Human unit 4 quiz 2

Political Geography

The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes.

Administered Boundary

enforcement of a boundary by government or people

antecedent Boundary

A boundary line established before an area is populated

choke point

a strategic, narrow geographic passageway that restricts the flow of traffic or trade between two larger areas, such as a strait or canal

Consequent Boundary

a political boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural, ethnic, or linguistic differences within a region

Demilitarized zone

a region where military forces, equipment, and installations are prohibited by treaties or agreements, often established as a buffer between hostile countries to reduce the risk of conflict

Failed State

a political entity where the government has lost the ability to function, unable to provide basic services like security, infrastructure, and rule of law, resulting in widespread instability

Maritime Boundaries

the lines that define a country's maritime zones, such as its territorial sea, contiguous zone, and exclusive economic zone

Relic Boundary

a former political border that no longer functions as an official boundary but still remains visible on the cultural landscape

Subsequent Boundaries

a political border that is drawn after a region has been settled and its cultural landscape has developed, often reflecting existing cultural divisions like ethnic, religious, or linguistic differences

Superimposed Boundaries

a political border imposed on a region by an outside power, which ignores existing cultural, ethnic, and social patterns

East/West divide

the geopolitical, ideological, and economic split that emerged during the Cold War, primarily between the capitalist, democratic countries of the West (led by the U.S.) and the communist, one-party states of the East (led by the Soviet Union)

North/South divide

the socio-economic and political split between the wealthier, industrialized nations of the Global North and the poorer, less developed countries of the Global South

African union

a supranational organization of 54 African nations established in 2001, succeeding the Organization of African Unity

Artic council

an intergovernmental forum that promotes cooperation and interaction between Arctic states and indigenous communities to address issues like environmental protection, sustainable development, and the impacts of climate change

Association of SE Asian Nations (ASEAN)

an intergovernmental organization in Southeast Asia that promotes political, economic, and security cooperation among its member states

shatterbelt

a region caught between powerful, often competing external forces, which leads to persistent stress, fragmentation, and internal or external conflicts

Confederation

a system where independent, sovereign states form a union for common purposes, such as defense or trade, but retain significant individual autonomy and power

Irredentism

the belief that a nation should reclaim a territory currently under the control of another state

Supranational organization

a group of three or more countries that cooperate by ceding some national sovereignty to make collective decisions on political, economic, or social issues

European Union

International organization comprised of European countries promoting free trade amongst its members

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

treaty between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers, leading to increased economic integration

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a supranational organization and a political-military alliance formed in 1949 for the purpose of collective defense

Organization of petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC)

a supranational organization of major oil-exporting countries that coordinates petroleum policies to stabilize oil prices and influence global supply

United Nations

a supranational organization founded in 1945 to maintain international peace and security,

Enclave

a territory, area, or region that is entirely surrounded by the territory of another single entity

Exclave

a part of a state's territory that is separated from the main part by the territory of another country or countries

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)

an area of the ocean extending up to 200 nautical miles from a nation's coast where the coastal state has exclusive rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources

Law of the sea

a body of international laws, established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Military Alliances

a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states to cooperate for mutual defense, often involving a commitment to military support if one member is attacked

Electoral College

the process used to elect the US President, where each state's number of electors is based on its total number of representatives in Congress

Popular Vote

refers to the total number of votes cast directly by the general public in an election

Reapportionment

redistributing the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states based on the population shifts recorded by the decennial census

Redistricting

redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts to reflect population changes

Voting Districs

a designated geographical area from which representatives are elected to a legislative body