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1. The rise in manufacturing beginning in the early 1800s eventually resulted in which of the following by 1848? (A) The emergence of a larger middle class in the North
   (B) A decline in economic inequality in urban areas
   (C) An increased demand for agricultural workers in the Midwest
   (D) The improvement of working conditions in factories

a

“Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .
“It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .
“I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .
“It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection.”
Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century

2. Which of the following statements would an abolitionist claim supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) Southern states had the authority to restrict free African Americans from owning firearms.
   (B) The immorality of slavery had a widespread corrupting effect on Southern culture.
   (C) The Constitution held that enslaved people were legally considered property.
   (D) Southern interests depended on the labor of enslaved people, while the contributions of poor White citizens were minimal.

b

“Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .
“It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .
“I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .
“It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection.”
Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century

3. “Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .
   “It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .
   “I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .
   “It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection.”
   Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century
   Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the excerpt’s depiction of reactions to slave rebellions? (A) Southern states banned the importation of slaves from Africa.
   (B) Northerners agreed that slavery was a positive institution for society.
   (C) Additional restrictions were placed on enslaved and free African Americans.
   (D) The majority of slaveholders moved toward using alternative forms of labor.

C

4. “Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .
   “It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .
   “I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .
   “It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection.”
   Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century
   Which of the following claims best aligns with the evidence in the excerpt about the relationship between enslaved African Americans and White Southern citizens?
   (A) A majority of White citizens held slaves; therefore, they felt obligated to ensure the preservation of slavery.
   (B) The attitudes of White citizens regarding the motives of slave rebellions differed by region within the South.
   (C) A majority of poor White citizens benefited economically from having enslaved African Americans do the manual labor that White citizens did not want to do.
   (D) The slave system gave poor White citizens the feeling of social superiority over free and enslaved African Americans in a culture where African Americans held little power.

D

5. “Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .
   “It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .
   “I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .
   “It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection.”
   Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century
   The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments?
   (A) The establishment of tariffs on textiles to protect domestic cotton production
   (B) The emergence of an abolitionist movement during the Second Great Awakening
   (C) The increase of prosperity caused by the production of manufactured goods
   (D) The development of regional cultures increasingly defined by the presence of enslaved people

d

“What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.”
John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

6. Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams’ recollection of Revolutionary events?
   (A) The rapid development of the market revolution
   (B) The development of a national culture and national identity
   (C) The growing popularity of the idea of Manifest Destiny
   (D) The rapid growth of a mass democracy

b

7. “What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.”
   John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s? (A) Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies
   (B) The forging of American Indian political alliances with European powers
   (C) Increased involvement of colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy
   (D) The expansion of the colonial population into the interior of the continent

a

8. “What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.”
   John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams’ theory about the Revolution? (A) The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause
   (B) The existence of significant social and economic divisions within the colonies
   (C) The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence
   (D) The importance of support from European allies in defeating the British

a

9. An important consequence of the “tariff of abominations” (1828) is that it led to the
   (A) taxation of consumer items
   (B) reelection of Andrew Jackson
   (C) enunciation of the doctrine of nullification
   (D) alliance of Southern planters and Western farmers
   (E) expansion of the New England textile industry

c

10. Andrew Jackson supported all of the following EXCEPT
    (A) Indian removal
    (B) the right of nullification
    (C) the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States
    (D) annexation of new territory
    (E) use of the presidential veto power

b

11. The most important factor in Andrew Jackson’s successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his (A) choice of John C. Calhoun as his running mate
    (B) reputation as a hero of the War of 1812
    (C) commitment to broad-based social reform
    (D) reputation as an intellectual thinker and writer
    (E) extensive experience in elective office

b

12. The construction of canals depicted on the map most directly led to which of the following?

(A) The growth of plantation agriculture in the lower South
(B) A strengthening of economic ties between the Northeast and the Midwest
(C) Greater movement of goods between the South and the Northeast
(D) Increased conflict between the United States and American Indians on the Great Plains

b

13. Which of the following best explains a major reason for the emergence of the Second Great Awakening in the United States? (A) The expansion of participatory democracy fostered popular engagement in religion as well.
    (B) The arrival of large numbers of immigrants from Europe brought new religious ideas to the United States. (C) The rise of individualistic and evangelical spiritual beliefs inspired religious conversion.
    (D) The proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere created a sense of spiritual independence.

c

“Mississippi planter and agricultural reformer M. W. Phillips, a regular contributor to the American Cotton Planter, wrote about soil exhaustion and crop rotation, and extolled the virtues of manuring and self-provisioning. In one of his most widely reproduced articles, Phillips condemned planters before whom ‘everything has to bend [and] give way to large crops of cotton.’ . . .
“Phillips imagined the cotton economy in terms of flows of energy, nutrients, and fertility, all of which he was convinced were being expended at an unsustainable rate. He used images of human, animal, and mineral depletion to represent an onrushing ecological catastrophe. But he did so within the incised [limited] terms allowed him by his culture—the culture of cotton. Phillips was arguing that the slaveholding South needed to slow the rate at which it was converting human beings into cotton plants.”
Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013

14. Which of the following most directly contributed to the development described in the excerpt?
    (A) The introduction of enslaved Africans in the 1600s into what is now the United States
    (B) The election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency and his decision to enforce tariff collections
    (C) A series of insurrections and rebellions by enslaved people in the first half of the 1800s
    (D) A belief by southern businessmen that the southern economy should focus on the export of select agricultural products

d

15. “Mississippi planter and agricultural reformer M. W. Phillips, a regular contributor to the American Cotton Planter, wrote about soil exhaustion and crop rotation, and extolled the virtues of manuring and self-provisioning. In one of his most widely reproduced articles, Phillips condemned planters before whom ‘everything has to bend [and] give way to large crops of cotton.’ . . .
    “Phillips imagined the cotton economy in terms of flows of energy, nutrients, and fertility, all of which he was convinced were being expended at an unsustainable rate. He used images of human, animal, and mineral depletion to represent an onrushing ecological catastrophe. But he did so within the incised [limited] terms allowed him by his culture—the culture of cotton. Phillips was arguing that the slaveholding South needed to slow the rate at which it was converting human beings into cotton plants.”
    Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013
    In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt?
    (A) Northerners began to frame antislavery arguments in ecological terms.
    (B) A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged.
    (C) Large numbers of immigrants moved to Southern cities to pursue economic opportunities.
    (D) The federal government built an extensive network of roads, canals, and railroads to support cotton agriculture.

b

16. “Mississippi planter and agricultural reformer M. W. Phillips, a regular contributor to the American Cotton Planter, wrote about soil exhaustion and crop rotation, and extolled the virtues of manuring and self-provisioning. In one of his most widely reproduced articles, Phillips condemned planters before whom ‘everything has to bend [and] give way to large crops of cotton.’ . . .
    “Phillips imagined the cotton economy in terms of flows of energy, nutrients, and fertility, all of which he was convinced were being expended at an unsustainable rate. He used images of human, animal, and mineral depletion to represent an onrushing ecological catastrophe. But he did so within the incised [limited] terms allowed him by his culture—the culture of cotton. Phillips was arguing that the slaveholding South needed to slow the rate at which it was converting human beings into cotton plants.”
    Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013
    Which of the following resulted from the mass production of cotton described in the excerpt?
    (A) Southern planters eventually sought to diversify the crops they grew.
    (B) Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains.
    (C) A cotton gin was developed that processed raw cotton more quickly.
    (D) Southerners supported protective tariffs to stimulate the United States economy.

b

17. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal lands in Georgia received direct
    (A) the White residents of Oklahoma
    (B) President Andrew Jackson
    (C) the United States Supreme Court
    (D) the Democratic press
    (E) the United States Congress

c

18. A key purpose of Henry Clay’s American System was to
    (A) expand slavery into new territories to preserve its economic viability
    (B) improve diplomatic relations with European nations by allowing free immigration
    (C) develop a national economy by improving transportation
    (D) create more interest in politics by eliminating voting restrictions
    (E) remove American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River to prevent further conflicts

c

19. Which of the following most likely contributed to the emergence of the Second Great Awakening? (A) The rise of the Whig Party
    (B) The election of President Andrew Jackson
    (C) The cultural responses to the Enlightenment
    (D) The emergence of a women’s rights movement

c

20. The role of women expressed in the cult of domesticity had its roots in
    (A) Progressive Era urban reform
    (B) mid-nineteenth-century nativism
    (C) the early twentieth-century suffrage movement
    (D) republican motherhood
    (E) the reaction against feminism after the Second World War

d

21. Daniel Webster’s address to the Senate in 1830 in reply to Senator Hayne is best remembered for its (A) attack on the Tariff of Abominations
    (B) defense of the principle of national union
    (C) assertion of the idea of States’ rights
    (D) apology for New England’s disloyalty in the War of 1812
    (E) praise for President Andrew Jackson

b

22. The Declaration of Sentiments (1848), issued at Seneca Falls, New York, called for
    (A) an end to slavery
    (B) compulsory public education
    (C) temperance legislation
    (D) increased rights for women
    (E) improved factory working conditions

d

“To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:
“WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled ‘An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States, against the Tripolitan cruisers,’ That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his subjects.
“THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.
“By command of the President of the United States of America.”
Thomas Jefferson, 1802

23. The rhetorical purpose expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following? (A) Expanding suffrage rights to all White men
    (B) Challenging Great Britain’s control of Canada
    (C) Using international commerce to expand United States influence
    (D) Investing in technology to make ocean voyages faster

c

24. “To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:
    “WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled ‘An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States, against the Tripolitan cruisers,’ That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his subjects.
    “THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.
    “By command of the President of the United States of America.”
    Thomas Jefferson, 1802
    President Jefferson sought the protections described in the excerpt most likely for the purpose of (A) establishing trade routes
    (B) enlarging the size of the navy
    (C) supporting alliances with European nations
    (D) creating United States colonies

a

25. In addition to the cotton gin, Eli Whitney’s major contribution to American Technology was his (A) introduction of interchangeable parts
    (B) development of the first practical locomotive
    (C) invention of the mechanical reaper
    (D) installation of the first textile mill
    (E) development of steam power

a

26. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States?
    (A) It severely damaged American manufacturing.
    (B) It enriched many cotton plantation owners.
    (C) It disrupted American shipping.
    (D) It was ruinous to subsistence farmers.
    (E) It had little economic impact.

c

27. William Lloyd Garrison established a newspaper that advocated which of the following issues?
    (A) Abolition of slavery (B) Restrictions on immigration (C) Ratification of the Constitution (D) The benefits of Manifest Destiny
    (E) Development of railroads

a

“Probably no other individual [than Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794–1877] made an equal impact over such an extended period on America’s economy and society. . . . He vastly improved and expanded the nation’s transportation infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. . . . Far ahead of many of his peers, he grasped one of the great changes in American culture: the abstraction of economic reality, as the connection faded between the tangible world and the new devices of business, such as paper currency, corporations, and securities. . . . One person cannot move the national economy single handedly—but no one else kept his hands on the lever for so long or pushed so hard.”
T. J. Stiles, historian, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 2009

28. Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument that those like Vanderbilt contributed to a “transformation of the very geography of the United States” in the mid-1800s?
    (A) The opening of canals
    (B) The building of bridges
    (C) The construction of turnpikes
    (D) The development of railroads

d

29. Which of the following best explains a change in migration in United States society during the early 1800s? (A) The claims to land by American Indian groups prevented the migration of White settlers westward. (B) The system of indentured servitude allowed Europeans living in poverty to immigrate to North America. (C) The increased importance of Southern cotton coincided with substantial immigration from abroad to the region. (D) The rise in manufacturing in the North coincided with an increase of immigration from abroad to these urban areas.

d

Questions refers to the graph below.

30. Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph?
    (A) Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets
    (B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society
    (C) Progressive Era reforms of social conditions in the United States
    (D) The outbreak of global war

b

31. In the early 1830’s, the majority of workers in the textile mills of Massachusetts were
    (A) young unmarried women from rural New England
    (B) newly arrived immigrants form Ireland
    (C) men who were heads of households
    (D) married women whose children were of school age
    (E) free African Americans form urban areas

A

32. President Jackson resisted the admission of Texas into the Union in 1836 primarily because he
    (A) acknowledged the legitimacy of the Mexican government’s claim to Texas
    (B) feared that debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy about slavery
    (C) was ideologically opposed to territorial expansion
    (D) could find no support within his own party for admitting Texas
    (E) believed that admitting Texas would violate international law

B

33. Which of the following factors best explains the increase in White male suffrage in the early nineteenth century?
    (A) Reaction to widespread political protest
    (B) Resistance to increased federal taxation
    (C) Amendments to the United States Constitution
    (D) Changes to property ownership requirements

D

34. Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States partly because he believed that the bank (A) concentrated too much power in the hands of a few people
    (B) gave too many loans to assist unstable state and local banks
    (C) was secretly funding the abolitionist movement
    (D) was overly subsidized by state tax monies
    (E) planned to create new paper money unsupported by gold or silver

A

35. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were similar in that all involved a defense of
    (A) freedom of the seas
    (B) freedom of speech
    (C) the institution of slavery
    (D) states’ rights
    (E) presidential power in foreign affairs

D

36. The Louisiana Purchase proved politically troubling for Thomas Jefferson because of his
    (A) previous support for a strict interpretation of the Constitution
    (B) veto of funding for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark’s expedition
    (C) admiration of France’s military power
    (D) devotion to new methods of cartography
    (E) disdain for involvement in a foreign country’s affairs

A

37. The Supreme Court established which of the following by its ruling in Marbury v. Madison ?
    (A) States have the authority to nullify acts of Congress.
    (B) The Bank of the United States is constitutional under the implied powers clause.
    (C) States may not interfere with interstate commerce.
    (D) The Supreme Court has the authority to determine the constitutionality of congressional acts.
    (E) Government contracts cannot be repealed by popular majority.

D

38. Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to
    (A) remove the French from forts along the Mississippi valley
    (B) acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops
    (C) acquire territory for the expansion of slavery
    (D) oppose New England Federalism
    (E) demonstrate friendship for the French in the Napoleonic Wars

B

39. The growth of manufacturing in the United States from 1800 to 1850 was most directly connected to which of the following broader historical processes?
    (A) Abolitionists advancing moral arguments to bring an end to slavery
    (B) Political parties debating about the need for a national bank
    (C) Supreme Court decisions confirming the primacy of federal laws over state laws
    (D) Large numbers of international migrants moving to northern cities

d

40. The method of mass production that developed during the nineteenth century was a process that (A) relied on the use of power-driven machinery
    (B) utilized wireless communications to improve efficiency
    (C) gave workers greater autonomy, less supervision, and the chance to be creative
    (D) relied on guilds to train artisans
    (E) promoted more cooperation between labor unions and factory owners

a

41. The Monroe Doctrine maintained that
    (A) all nations and states in the Americas were territories of the United States
    (B) European powers should not pursue any future colonization in the Americas
    (C) Cuba, Texas, and Puerto Rico were protectorates of the United States
    (D) Haiti would be established as a colony to be settled by formerly enslaved people from the United States (E) the United States Congress could overrule the president’s foreign policy initiatives in Latin America

b

Question is based on the following map

42. The map shows the United States as it appeared in
    (A) 1784
    (B) 1800
    (C) 1812
    (D) 1821
    (E) 1845

d

43. The National Road was constructed primarily for the purpose of
    (A) demarcating the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase
    (B) promoting trade and communication with the Old Northwest
    (C) opening the Southwest to ranchers
    (D) assisting the movement of settlers to the Oregon Country
    (E) relieving overpopulation and crowding in the Northeast

b

44. The majority of White families in the antebellum South owned
    (A) more than 100 slaves
    (B) 50 to 100 slaves
    (C) 10 to 50 slaves
    (D) 5 to 10 slaves
    (E) no slaves

e

45. The nullification crisis of 1832 arose over the issue of
    (A) Andrew Jackson’s use of the veto
    (B) protective tariffs
    (C) the Second Bank of the United States
    (D) Jackson’s American Indian removal policy
    (E) the Missouri Compromise

b

46. President Monroe articulate the Monroe Doctrine in his 1823 address to Congress primarily in order to (A) respond positively to the recent Latin American revolutions
    (B) rule out United States involvement in South America
    (C) provide a rationale for United States intervention in the Isthmus of Panama
    (D) warn European nations against further colonial ventures in the Western Hemisphere
    (E) encourage Britain to help the fledging Latin American states

d

“I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . .
“. . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . .
“. . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition.”
Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837.

47. The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War?
    (A) Many abolitionist groups in the North began to question the accounts of harsh treatment described by escaped slaves who made it to freedom.
    (B) Arguments describing slavery as a “positive good” weakened the impact of abolitionist efforts to encourage White northerners to support emancipation.
    (C) As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.
    (D) Very few members of Congress accepted Calhoun’s “positive good” argument, and they became more open to passing laws limiting slaveholding and the internal slave trade.

c

48. “I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . .
    “. . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . .
    “. . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition.”
    Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837.
    Which of the following resulted from arguments made by Southern politicians, such as the one in the excerpt, in the years prior to the Civil War?
    (A) Slaveholders became more insistent that maintaining the slave system was essential to protecting the South and its way of life.
    (B) Many people in the South who depended on the labor of enslaved people nevertheless became more willing to admit that slavery was a sin.
    (C) Abolitionists scheduled numerous speaking tours throughout the South to counter proslavery attitudes like that expressed by Calhoun.
    (D) Congress passed legislation guaranteeing slavery in the South to show that the slave system was not threatened.

a

49. “I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . .
    “. . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . .
    “. . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition.”
    Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837.
    Which of the following most contributed to slaveholders such as Calhoun arguing in the 1830s and 1840s that slavery should be viewed as part of the Southern way of life?
    (A) Slave rebellions in Haiti, South Carolina, and Virginia had made many leaders in the South fear that enslaved African Americans could harm them.
    (B) Abolitionists made up a majority of members of Congress in the 1840s, and Southerners feared that they would pass emancipation legislation.
    (C) Most Southern states had begun to allow slaves to learn to read and write, and Southerners wanted people in other states to know that the slave system was changing.
    (D) The sudden growth of Southern manufacturing had created a new demand for cotton, so men like Calhoun saw the preservation of slave labor as critical.

a

50. Which of the following best describes the policy of the government of Mexico toward Texas?
    (A) It tried to sell Texas to the United States at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.
    (B) It encouraged American settlement in Texas in the 1820’s and early 1830’s.
    (C) It governed Texas with stringent regulations in the 1820’s.
    (D) It encouraged the establishment of a strong local government in Texas in the mid-1830’s.
    (E) It favored the annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States in the 1830’s and early 1840’s.

b

51. During the 1800s the most common form of resistance to slavery by slaves themselves was
    (A) rebelling openly, using weapons, and planning confrontations
    (B) organizing petitions and demonstrations against slavery
    (C) escaping to Canada via the Underground Railroad
    (D) working slowly and breaking tools
    (E) cooperating with the abolitionist movement to advocate laws to end slavery

d

52. The Second Great Awakening did which of the following?

(A) It resulted in a sharp decline in church membership.
(B) It increased Protestant toleration for Catholics and Jews.
(C) It produced increased respect for civil authority.
(D) It emphasized reason and logic over emotionalism in religious matters
(E) It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

e

53. Many Americans were suspicious of the Second Bank of the United States for which of the following reasons? (A) They believed that it was controlled by leaders of the Whig Party.
    (B) They believed that it was controlled by southern plantation owners.
    (C) They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite.
    (D) It refused to make any loans for business expansion.
    (E) It refused to exchange bank notes for gold.

c

“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State….”
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832

54. The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that
    (A) prioritized regional interests
    (B) discouraged international trade
    (C) sought to protect United States manufacturing
    (D) supported the interests of organized labor unions

a

55. “Let Southern oppressors tremble …. I shall strenuously contend for immediate enfranchisement …. I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice.”
    The author of the statement above was
    (A) John C. Calhoun
    (B) Stephen A. Douglas
    (C) Henry Clay
    (D) Abraham Lincoln
    (E) William L. Garrison

e

56. Innovations in shipping and the growth of commercial networks were most directly related to which of the following other developments of the first half of the nineteenth century?
    (A) A decrease in the availability of jobs for recent immigrants
    (B) An increase in the number of Americans moving west of the Appalachian Mountains
    (C) The spread of industrialization to most cities in the South
    (D) An increase in the production in the home of goods used by families

b

57. The election of 1800 has been referred to as constituting “another revolution” because
    (A) the House of Representatives decided the election
    (B) a Supreme Court decision was required to dislodge the Federalists
    (C) voter turnout increased dramatically
    (D) the party in power stepped down after losing the election
    (E) force was required to get John Adams to leave the White House

d

58. Which of the following describes “the Lowell system” in early nineteenth-century New England? (A) A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities
    (B) An agreement among the New England states to secede and for a New England confederacy
    (C) A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for voting
    (D) A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812
    (E) A congressional reappointment plan during the 1820’s

a

59. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it
    (A) established the role of the federal government in internal improvements
    (B) strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions
    (C) made the invention of the steamboat economically viable
    (D) spurred innovation in the railroad industry
    (E) was the last major canal project before the Civil War

b

60. Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century? (A) Only highly centralized and conformist religious institutions can guarantee an orderly society.
    (B) Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.
    (C) Unjust laws must be obeyed until they can be changed through legislative action.
    (D) Human societies are inherently corrupt, and those seeking purity should practice good works.
    (E) American Indian practices of meditation are the key to attaining valuable spiritual insights.

b

61. The United States went to war in 1812 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT to
    (A) end British claims for repayment of Loyalist debt
    (B) prevent France from recapturing the Louisiana Territory
    (C) stop the British from searching and seizing American ships
    (D) appease members of Congress who advocated war
    (E) deal with conflicts between settlers and American Indians in the Northwest Territory

b

62. Those who supported the War of 1812 advanced all of the following rationales for their positions EXCEPT the (A) desirability of annexing Canada
    (B) need to defend the honor of the United States
    (C) need to safeguard the frontier
    (D) obligation to protect Native Americans
    (E) advisability of acquiring Florida

d

63. Of the following, which was the principal issue on which the United States sought settlement with Great Britain at the outset of the War of 1812?
    (A) A guarantee of New England fishing rights off Newfoundland
    (B) Free navigation of the Mississippi River
    (C) Cancellation of pre-Revolutionary debts
    (D) Access to trade with the British West Indies
    (E) An end to impressment

e

“It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country.”
Noah Webster, “Preface,” An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828

64. The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical situations in the early 1800s?
    (A) The innovations in the market revolution creating new wealth for Americans
    (B) The emergence of a new and distinctive American culture
    (C) The transition of the United States to a more participatory democracy
    (D) The importance of reading literacy among Americans

b

65. When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801, “We are all republicans – we are all federalists,” he meant that (A) Americans would never ally themselves with monarchial governments
    (B) federalists would be appointed to his cabinet
    (C) the two parties’ platforms were identical
    (D) the principles of American government were above party politics
    (E) he admired Hamilton’s policies

d

66. Which of the following statements about the “American System” is correct?
    (A) It was set up by the Treaty of Ghent at the end of the War of 1812.
    (B) It was strongly promoted by Andrew Jackson.
    (C) It permitted immigrants to be naturalized after living in the United States for five years.
    (D) It was designed to meet the nation’s need for economic progress and self-sufficiency.
    (E) It called for an end to the European presence in South America.

d

67. 
    What was the purpose behind the publication of the 1840 illustration above?
    (A) To attack William Henry Harrison for being a poor, uneducated farmer
    (B) To portray William Henry Harrison as a common man
    (C) To create support for the Populist movement
    (D) To encourage settlement of Indiana by German and Irish immigrants
    (E) To criticize the “log cabin” mentality and the manufacture of hard cider

b

68. Most young women who worked in the Lowell, Massachusetts, textile mills during the 1830s experienced all of the following EXCEPT
    (A) freedom from parental authority
    (B) long hours and periodic pay cuts
    (C) continued employment after marriage
    (D) demands upon their wages by their families
    (E) camaraderie with fellow workers

c

Question refers to the following maps.

69. Which of the following most directly contributed to the change over time depicted on the two maps? (A) The construction of a national highway system
    (B) The establishment of different time zones across the country
    (C) The building of canals and roads
    (D) The use of diesel engines

c

“The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city, merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services, fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . .
“. . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a westward connection.”
John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States, 2001

70. The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

(A) The extension of commerce with Native Americans
(B) The expansion of access to markets
(C) The growth in the internal slave trade
(D) The increase in semisubsistence agricultural production

b

“Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”
— Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845
“Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”
— Frederick Douglass, speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852

71. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt? (A) Southern Democrats
    (B) Southern planters
    (C) Northern abolitionists
    (D) Northern merchants

c

72. “Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”
    — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845
    “Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”
    — Frederick Douglass, speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852 The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century?
    (A) The decline of slavery in Southern states as a result of gradual emancipation laws
    (B) The increasingly restrictive nature of slavery in the South enforced by stronger slave codes
    (C) The expanding use of moral arguments by Northern antislavery activists
    (D) The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

d

73. “Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”
    — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845
    “Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”
    — Frederick Douglass, speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following? (A) The Second Great Awakening
    (B) States’ rights
    (C) Manifest Destiny
    (D) American nationalism

a