psych 1101 module 52 neurodevelopmental disorders

neurodevelopmental disorder

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation)

what age is intellectual disability apparent by

before age 18 with a known physical cause

example of intellectual disability is

Down syndrome

two criteria for intellectual disability is

• the first is low intellectual functioning as reflected in a low intelligence test score. Guidelines specify test score performance that is in the lowest 3 percent of the general population, or about 70 or below

•  The second criterion is that the person must have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living, as expressed in three areas, or skills that are conceptual, social, and practical

Intellectual disability like normal intelligence results from a combination of

genetic and environmental factors

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

ASD is now diagnosed

 1 in 38 children in South Korea, 1 in 59 in the United States, 1 in 66 in Canada, and 1 in 100 in Britain

 The increase in ASD diagnoses has been offset by a decrease in the number of children with a “cognitive disability” or “learning disability,” which suggests a relabeling of children’s disorders

symptom of ASD

• Symptom is poor communication among brain regions that normally work together

• from age 2 months on, children typically spend more and more time looking into others’ eyes

ASD people have

impaired theory of mind

• they have difficulty inferring and remembering others’ thoughts and feelings, and appreciating

• Relationships emotionally unsatisfied, get bullied, more likely to get depression (4 times)

About half of people with ASD experience a

“fair” or even “good” outcome

Aspergers

 high function, normal intelligence but also accompanied by exceptional skill or talent in specific areas

utistic traits display a slightly better than average of

social psychological phenomena

ASD may lack the motivation and ability to

•  interact and communicate socially, and they tend to become distracted by irrelevant stimuli

• Spectrum's more severe end struggle to use language

ASD diagnosed in about

three boys for every girl, girls are better at hiding it

Biological factors contribute to ASD like

prenatal environment

Genes matter to, ASD heritability was

near 80%

if one identical twin is diagnosed with ASD, the chances are

50 to 70 percent that the co-twin will be as well

no autism gene

400 identified

Mutations become more frequent with age, meaning that age 40 man having a kid is more likely to have autism

than a 30 year old man having a kid

ASD telltale signs

Several studies have revealed “underconnectivity”—fewer-than-normal fiber tracts connecting the front of the brain to the back

children as young as 3 months, EEG-recorded brain activity can foretell

ASD

When people with ASD watch another person’s hand movements, for example,

their brain displays less-than-normal mirroring activityc

childhood vaccinations do not contribute to

ASD

attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity