Missed Psych Soc

three major psychotherapy

humanistic

cognitive behavioral

psychoanalytic theory (talkative)

cognitive behavioral therapy

tries to change negative thoughts and behaviors into maladaptive behaviors

humanistic therapy

tries to empower individual into self-actualization

talkative/psychoanalytic therapy

tries to uncover unconscience rooted in childhood that shape behaviors

emotion

cognitive dissonance

state of discomfort that results in motivation to reduce the conflict by aligning thoughts and behaviors

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* basically needs to pick on in order to properly reduce discomfort
* i.e will not choose to accept an diagnosis that you cannot get pregnant while maintaining the idea you need a child and will not adopt

major sociology theories

power vs authority

power is the ability to control or influence others

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authority whether others believe that that power is legitimate

flash bulb memory

memory that is vivid, detailed and type of autobiographical explicit memory that is emotional and distinct to an individual

* tend to be far less accurate/consistent than people remember

best way to train new behavior (operate)

continuous reinforcement

best way to maintain learned behaviors (operate)

variable ratio schedule

OCD behaviors (operate)

cleaning in OCD acts as a negative reinforcement because removes the unwanted anxiety stimulus -- encourages the behavior to continue

life course appraoch

holistic framework to understand how psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors across a lifetime can affect health outcomes

postive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations

dellusions

disorganized thought

disorganized speech

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

apathy

social withdrawl

flat effect

lack of speech

anhedonia

core vs peripheral nations, good and resources

peripheral send resources→ core nations

core send goods → peripheral

stereotype boost

positive stereotype improves preformance

hypothalamus, emotion

regulates physiological component of emotion

neuroleptics

used to treat schitzophrenia, used to reduce positive symptoms but can possibly worsen negative symptoms

atypical anitpsychotoic

used to treat schitzophrenia, used to reduce positive symptoms, can also help improve negative symptoms in some cases

structural functionalism assumes two types of functions in society

manifest and latent fucntions

deficits in visuospatial skill usually attributed to damage in

right hemisphere

short term memory duration

15-30 seconds

retroactive interference

new information interferes w old information

place theory

where on basilar membrane the vibrations occur

high frequency at base

low frequency at apex

operationalization

variable is something that is not typically directly measured by now defined into something that can be measured

* dependent variable

incentive theory

organisms are motivated to act in order to obtain external rewards

smoking explains in terms of incentive theory

person is motived to continue to smoke because it is an immediate reward, know it is bad for health but wants instant gratification

approaches to aging

total fertility rate

average number of children born per woman over the course of her lifetime

crude birth rate

number of live births per year for every 1,000 individuals regardless of sex

general fertility rate

number of live births per year for every 1000 women of childbearing age

age-specific fertility rate

number of live births per year for every 1000 women of a certain age

hindsight bias

thinking an event is likely to occur/happen after it has already occurred even if it was not likely to happen

gentrification, local tax

causes local taxes to expand

central executive, working memory

regulates attention and task switching

visual spatial sketchpad, working memory

employed when manipulating visual or spatial information

phonological loop, working memory

employed when manipulating spoken or written information

episodic buffer, working memory

responsible for temporal information (timeline) and integration from long term to working memory

motion parallex

monocular cue

foreground items appear to move more quickly than things in the background

* perceive both depth and motion

retinal disparity

each eye transmits a slightly different image to the brain

binocular cue

convergence

binocular cue

the extent to which eyes turn inward to focus on, closer objects require more

phi phenomena

optical illusion, series of images are shown quickly and appear to be moving

speech shadowing

dichotic listening, repeating information in one ear while tuning information in the other ear

neuroimaging

parietal lobe

used for processing spatial information

shadow the attended ear

only repeat what you hear in the specific ear assigned

source characteristics

about who or what is delivering information (education, prestige, trustworthiness)

audience characteristics

age, mood, need for cognition

drive

internal state individuals act to REDUCE

diathesis-stress model

ntegrates the influence of biological predispositions and the environment

Opponent process theory

for motivation is often used when speaking of addictive behaviors. Certain emotional states are followed by another emotional state that is opposite of the first. As time goes on, the second emotional state becomes stronger than the first.

Beck’s cognitive triad

represents three types of negative thoughts present in depression. These are thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.

learned helplessness

uncontrollable exposure to an aversive stimulus results in learned helplessness, independently of the intensity of the punishment

negative reinforcement

response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of

humanistic perspective

explaining behavior through self-concept and incongruence

Long-term potentiation

process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

study that tests the encoding specificity effect is most likely to be

location of encoding and retrieval

primary and recency effect only take place if recall occurs

immediately after given the list

how sociologists differentiate the concepts of ethnicity and race

Sociologists consider ethnicity to be categorizations of people based on culture and ancestry. Sociologists consider race to be categorizations of people based on perceived physical characteristics. Both concepts are understood in sociology as complex, social categories that change over time, rather than simply biological features of human beings

Labeling theory

perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavio

most likely outcome of cognitive dissonance

patient changes attitude to match behavior, not vise vera (requires more work typically)

token economy

rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for appetitive stimuli

Kohlberg moral development, precovential morality

avoid punishment

self-interest - “ill help you if you help me”

Kohlberg moral development, conventional morality

conformity and interpersonal accord - wanting to be good to secure approval of others

law and order - obey laws of society

Kohlberg moral development, postconvential morality

social contract - max benefit for largest amount of ppl

universal ethics - follow own ethics above all else

cultural transmission

passing of information from older to younger generations

identity development theory

psychological progress of individuals based on their level and commitment and exploration

identity diffusion

low commitment low exploration

ppl have no idea where they are going/uncomminted to a career or future

identity forecolsure

high commitment low exploration

accepted the identity they have been assigned

identity moratorium

low commitment high exploreation

trying new activities and thinking of new career path, no decisions yet

identity achievement

high commitment high exploration

explore their options and feel confident about their future and career

convenient sampling

nonrandom generation of study population

social desirability bais

participants to overemphasize postive aspect and downplay or underreport negative aspects

compliance

public conformity while in private truly disagrees

conformity vs obedience

obedience is behavior according to the commands of others

informational vs normative social influence

informational, conforms due to uncertainty and believes whoever is in the group knows best

normative, conforms due to desire to be accepted (often when ppl are similar and want to be accepted by group)

generalizability

external reliability

regression of the mean

extreme data points eventually begin to move towards mean after repeated measurements (an athlete who preforms amazing one game is likey to underperform the next)

stressors limited to few ppl

daily hassle and personal life event

stressors limited to many ppl

ambient (environmental), catastrophe

sick role theroy

illness is a socially expectable form of deviance

* right to be exempt from social roles
* obligation to make every effort to get better as soon as possible

borderline personality disorder

instability in mood and sense of self/relationshps

mood reactivity, fear of abandonment

impulsive or reckless behavior

suicidal thoughts

avaiblity huristic

how quickly something can come to memory (see shark attack in news, assuming it is common)

representative heuristic

how well something matches a metal prototype (see woman in scrubs, assume she is a nurse not a surgeon)

illness experience, symbolic interactionist theory

how individuals understand and cope with chronic illness that impacts daily life and self-identity

illness work

gathering information bout illnessi

everyday work

daily activities that do not directly involve managing illness but are impacted by illness

biographical work

making sense of the illness for oneself and others (explaining to coworkers and friends)

somatic symptom disorder

express distress regarding one or more bodily symptoms

* bodily symptoms are associated with psychological factors

taste aversion, classical conditioning

develops after just one pairing, long duration (as opposed to other forms of this conditioning)

stage 2

newly industrializing

death rate declines as food, medicine, and sanitation become available

affinal relatioship

via marriage

consenguinal

via genetic relationship (biological parents)

fictive relationship

social ties are not affinal or consenguinal

emotional social support

love affinity belonging

esteem, social support

encouragement and confidence

tangible, social support

money resources food

informational, social support

advice, informaiton

companionship, social support

mere presence