Bio Final

stimulus

produces change in variable

receptor

detects changes

Example of commensalism

Bison and birds, the bison kicks of insects and the birds eat them and have transport

• barnacles and whales

Example of mutualism

Bees and flowers

• some birds pick ticks off large mammals

Example of parasitism

Ticks and mammals

input

information sent along afferent pathway to control center

evolution

diversity of life evolved over time by process of mutation, selection, and genetic change

structure and function

basic units of structure define the function of all living things

information flow, exchange and storage

the growth and behavior of organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information in context

pathways and transformation of energy and matter

biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics

systems

living systems are interconnected and interacting.

community

all the plants and animals in an area (not including abiotic factors)

ecosystem

includes the abiotic and biotic factors in the area

biosphere

encompases all of the ecosytems on earth

population

a group of the same species

characteristics of biotic things

maintain homeostasis, populations evolve, reproduce, excrete waste, genetic material, made of cells

what is a virus

abiotic, not made of cells, needs host to survive, reproduce not on own but hijack reproductive system of host, but has RNA and can evolve

sex reproduction and parasites

evolve to be ahead of parasites each generation

climate

long term, predictable, large geographical area (what you expect)

weather

temporary condition (what you get)

biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms (community of plants and animals in a given area)

temperate forest

Distinct seasons (we live in)

taiga/ boreal forest

conical trees, short growing seasons

tundra

cold and dry, layer of permafrost

why are the poles warming more rapidly?

a positive feedback loop, as ice melts there is less ice to reflect sunlight and the ice continues to melt

is global warming equal?

no

effects of global warming

rising sea level, extreme weather, floods, drought, famine, extinctions, forest fires

what is the effect of global warming of thunderstorms

heat causes more instability, increase the frequency and intensity of storms since the clouds are very high in the atmosphere but the hotter they are the heavier and more powerful they are

how can ice provide evidence of the change in the climate

the air bubbles contain what was in the atmosphere at the time they formed

what is the equation of exponential population growth

dN/dt = rmaxN

what is the equation for logistic population growth

dN/dt = rmax N(K - N/K)

ecological factors that increase the rate of infection of lyme disease

increase in temperature, increase in in prey abundance (prey for mice), increase in vegetation, increased precipitation (for more vegetation)

ecological factors that decrease the rate of lyme disease

decrease in temperature, increase in predators (of mice and small mammals), decrease in vegetation, decrease precipitation

r-selected species

many offspring, little/no parental care, short life span, reproduce once, small animals like rats, insects, rabbits

what is the survivorship of r- selected species?

type 3

K- selected species

fewer offspring, reproduce more than once, longer life span, larger like elephants (and humans)

what type of survivor ship curve are K- selected species?

type 1

afferent pathway

where the information is sent through to get to the control center (brain)

efferent pathway

flow from control center (brain) to effector

effector

gland/muscle that creates the response (trying to correct) (ex pituitary gland

give an example of positive feedback

in childbirth, the uterus contracts and sends info from the cervix from the brain, triggering the pituitary gland to release oxytocin to the blood stream which tells the uterus to contract more and theres more pressure on the cervix this process amplifies

symbiosis

close interactions between individuals of different species over an extended period of time which impact the abundance and distribution of the associating populations. 

what does it mean if N>K

the population is shrinking, dN/dt is getting smaller, they are above carrying capacity, and death rates are greater than birth rates

what is dN/dt

the rate of change in a population

feedforward change

the body is anticipating a change in conditions and makes a proactive adjustment (change in set point)

example of a feedforward change

preparing for a race: heart rate increases, adrenaline is pumped

what does the body do when its cold

vasoconstriction and shiver

what does the body do when its hot

vasodilation and sweat

give examples of endotherms trying to cool down

elephants flap their large ears, rabbits release heat through ears, birds do the gular flutter where they rapidly vibrate their throats and below their beaks to cool down

Why are co2 levels lower in the summer (keeling curve)

More plants, more photosynthesis

How does the structure of bacteria borrelia help it

It’s spiral key structure allows it to burrow into cells

how do penguins (endotherm) hold heat

with layers of fat 

what happens when an organism has a larger surface-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratio

they lose heat easier and gain heat easier (think of little kids getting cold hot/cold easier, they are smaller)

endotherm

an generate body temp from within (from metabolism)

• higher metabolic rate

• requires more calories

• can lose body heat quickly

• animals need to stay warm overnight so eat a lot

ectotherm

cant generate own heat, body temperature has a direct relationship with the environment

• has to adjust behavior to maintain body temperature

• snakes can go months without eating, dont need it

glycogen

storage form of glucose 

glucagon

converts glycogen to glucose, released when glucose levels are low

insulin

tells body to convert glucose to glycogen

life history

pattern of an organism's survival and reproductive events throughout its lifetime

what are the 3 patterns of population distribution

uniform, random and clumped

what drives patterns of population distribution

a mix of biotic factors (living things like food availability, competition, predation, and disease) and abiotic factors (non-living environmental conditions like climate, water, and shelter)

what is the relationship between population density and population size

the larger a species is, the smaller its population size is

• inverse relationship

• bigger animals need more space (thing elephants)

virus

Infectious obligate intracellular parasite compromising genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

obligate

need, need to be associated with something to survive

intracellular

within the cell

structure of virus benefit

surface of virus is structured to interact with surface of human cell, (glycoprotein: protein with carbs on them_, interact with red blood cells causing them to clump

do viruses have vector?

they don’t have vectors since they are non-living, their vector are nonliving particles in the air or on surface (formite)

host

an organism that another organism uses to survive and reproduce

fomite

any nonliving particle that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism 

reservoir

habitat or organism, an infectious agent can live, often without causing harm to the reservoir host 

why doesn’t a virus have a vector?

because a vector has to be living

can a virus reproduce on their own?

no they need a host to do so, they attack the hosts machinery

what is the order of a virus attack?

attachment, entry, replication, assembly and release

does a host cell help or harm the virus?

it helps the virus as each individual cell can release millions copies of the virus

what are the 5 things that makes something alive?

made of cells, reproduce, heritable traits, populations evolve, metabolism

do viruses die?

no

do viruses fit into a symbiosis model?

yes

pathogen

an organism that makes another organism sick - that creates a disease state (a state other than “normal”) in an organism

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

movement of particles from high to low concentration

Fick’s Law of Diffusion eqaution

Q = DA P₁ - P₂ / L

what is Q

the rate of diffusion between 2 points

D

diffusion coefficient, depends on gas and medium

P₁ P₂

partial pressure between point A and B, moves faster when there is a larger pressure difference 

A

area which gas diffuses, more surface area, quicker diffusion (alveoli)

L

distance between 2 points, want to minimize (lung wall is thin)

what is the only thing you can change in the equation

P₁ P_2, which is why people use supplemental oxygen

are all viruses harmful

no they are used for vaccines and to attack bacteria

what are ways viruses are spreading

changing geographic distrubutions of hosts and vectors (form global warming, mosquitos), humans in close contact with animals

population genetics

change of alleles in a given population

gene

basic unit of heredity, bluepring of components of body like structures, proteins, and enzymes; a disctince sequence of nucleotides forming a seqeunce

allele

varient of a gene, arose from mutation; different versions of a gene

mutation

there is no other way to create variation, natural selection acts on mutation but does not do it 

allele frequency 

phenotype

physical trait

genotype

genetic information that codes for a phenotype

why do indivisuals in a population have different phenotypes

because they have different varients of the same genes (they have different alleles)

what are the 4 ways allele frequencies change over time

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection

mutation

a change in DNA, ultimate source of new alleles and thus variatiom, random but the way natrual selection acts on it is not 

examples of mutation

Sickle Cell Anemia

Painful, become numerous in certain parts of body often limbs

Mutations in beta globin gene

Huntington Disease

Mutations in Huntington gene

Stays in our genes because already reproduce by 40s

Cystic Fibrosis

Mutations in CFTR gene

cancer, series of mutation

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another, large or small scale