Microbiology Exam 1

chapters 1-6

fructose lichen

rounded with branches

hookworm

nematode; intestinal illness; infected 500M in 2015

heartworm

nematode; diafilaria immitis; transmitted by mosquitoes

Euryarchaeota

Several classes including methanogens - capable of producing methane from carbon dioxide/hydrogen, Again - many are capable of living in extreme environments but also live in less harsh environments, Methanogens can be found in animal guts

Neisseria

\
* Diplococcus, fastidious, microaerophilic - typically grown on chocolate agar 


* betaproteobacteria
* N. gonorrhoeae - STI 
* N. meningitides  - bacterial meningitis

Bordetella

\
* Coccobacillus, aerobic, very fastidious 
* B. pertussis - whooping cough, caused by toxins that paralyze the movement of cilia
* betaproteobacteria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

\
* Aerobic, nonfermenting, highly motile 
* Infects wounds and burns 
* Chronic UTIs 
* Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients 
* Difficult to treat - forms biofilms and resistant to many antibiotics
* Pseudomonaceae
* gammaproteobacteria

Pasteurellaceae

H. influenzae - sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections, and pneumonia; gammaproteobacteria

Legionella pneumophila

\
* Rod shaped, fastidious 
* Legionnaires disease 
* Aquatic bacteria that inhabits pools of water (e.g. air conditioning units) 
* Can cause large outbreaks when spread in aerosols (e.g. mist from air conditioning) 
* 10-25% fatality rate
* gammaproteobacteria

Corynebacterium

Mostly commensal, Interesting cell wall, C. diphteriae causes diphtheria; actinobacteria

Enterobacteriaceae

\
* Large family of enteric (intestinal) bacteria 
* Facultative anaerobes that are able to ferment carbohydrates 
* Coliforms (ferment lactose) and noncoliforms (cannot ferment lactose)
* gammaproteobacteria

Escherichia coli

\
* Model organism - probably most studied bacteria 
* Most have a mutualistic relationship with humans 
* Pathogenic forms - come produce Shiga toxin that stops protein synthesis by interacting with ribosomes
* gammaproteobacteria

Salmonella

\
* Classified by serotypes (by their cell surface antigens) 
* Can cause salmonellosis - typical gastro intestinal infection (fever, vomiting, diarrhea)
* gammaproteobacteria

Bifidobacterium

\
Mostly anaerobic, Common colonizer of the GI tract, vagina, and mouth, Reduce in numbers during infancy/less breast-milk intake, Extensively used in probiotics and yogurt; actinobacteria

Gardenerella

Gram variable organism, G. vaginalis can cause bacterial vaginosis, actinobacteria

Streptomyces

Largest genus of Actinobacteria, Major source of antibiotics

firmicutes

low G+C gram-positive bacteria; another large group, contains many human/animal pathogens

Clostridia

Clostridium is a major genus of this class, Obligate anaerobes produce endospores, Clostridium spp. Produce more toxins than any other known genus, Causative agents of botulism and tetanus, Botox is used in cosmetic surgery (botulinum toxin), firmicutes

Lactobacillales

lactic acid bacteria, Several important bacilli and cocci shaped microbes, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, firmicutes

Bacillus

Produce endospores, B. anthracis causes anthrax, firmicutes

Staphylococcus

S. epidermidis is a common member of the skin microbiome, S. aureus causes a variety of infections in humans, MRSA and VRSA - strains of S. aureus that are resistant to nearly all available antibiotics - serious burden on hospitals, nursing homes, etc., firmicutes

Mycoplasmas

Do not have a cell wall yet grouped in with the low G+C bacteria, Smallest bacterial cell, Pleomorphic shape (due to lacking a rigid cell wall) - not classified by shape, Small genome

deeply branching bacteria

Closest living organisms to the universal common ancestor - first life form to exist on earth, Can withstand the harshest environments on Earth

Aquifex pyrophilus

Lives near underwater volcanoes, Inorganic substances as nutrients, deeply branching bacteria

Thermotoga maritima

thermal vents, deeply branching bacteria

Thermotoga subterranean

underground oil reserves; deeply branching bacteria

Deinococcus radiodurans

Extreme heat, radiation, drought, acidity, and vacuum, Survived for three years on the ISS ,Thick cell walls, stain Gram positive - but have a 2nd membrane closer in structure to Gram negatives; deeply branching bacteria

Crenarchaeota

Abundant in marine environments, Capable of growing at up to 113 Degrees Celsius, Sulfolobus solfataricus is well studied (because its easy to grow), S. solfataricus is a thermoacidophile (grows at 80 degrees celsius and a pH between 2 and 4), Have no cell wall - instead have an S-layer of glycoprotein 

Cytophaga

commonly found in soil; able to move without flagella by gliding; nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria

Fusobacteria

capable of colonizing in oral cavity; Fusobacterium nucleatum acts as a bridging organism between early and late colonizers; nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria

Bacteriodes

very prevalent in the gut making up 30% of the gut microbiome; prevalent pathogens from colonizing the gut; antibiotics can prevent their growth thereby allowing pathogens to take over; nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

most diverse gram-negative class; Pseudomonaceae, Pastuerellacaceae, Legionella pneumophila, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella

Deltaproteobacteria

small class; sulfur reducing bacteria; rarely human pathogens; Desulfovibrio orale (can cause gum disease), Bdellovibrio

Epsilonproteobacteria

Smallest class; Microaerophilic; example organisms: Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori

Chalmydia

nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria; intracellular pathogens that are extremely resistant to host defenses, found in either elementary bodies or reticulate bodies

spirochetes

nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria; long and spiral shaped; darkfield microscopy used; hard to culture; axial filaments; example organisms: Treponema pallidium (syphilis), Borrelia burgdoferi (lyme disease)

transient microbiota

temporary; includes pathogens

proteobacteria

describes the unique features of each class within phylum proteobacteria; 9 classes total; Carl Woese established group; divided by rRNA sequences

alphaproteobacteria

obligate or facultative intracellular pathogens; oligotrophs- live in low-nutrient environments; Rickettsia, Brucella, Caulobacter

Betaproteobacteria

diverse;; utilize wide range of metabolic strategires and survive in a range of environmments; Neisseria (gonorrhea, meningitides); Bordetella (pertussis- whooping cough)

active transport

moves molecules against a gradient using energy (ATP)

cell wall

peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria and is a huge polymer of interlocking chains of alternating monomers, provides rigid support

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

backbone of peptidoglycan

cell envelope

most complex part of bacteria; composed of cell wall, cell membrane, and outer-membrane; some bacteria lack cell envelope

plasma membrane

separates the cell from its environment; phospholipid bilayer; functions: secretion, regulates transport, provides a site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis

passive transport

higher to lower concentration via simple diffusion

plasmid

extrachromosomal circular dsDNA; carry out advantageous traits; replicate independently of the chromosome

vibrio

curved rod

coccobacilus

short rod

spirilium

spiral

spirochete

long, loose, helical spiral

Francesco Redi

performed the maggot experiment; concluded that only flies make more flies, the experiment disproved the idea for spontaneous generation for larger organisms only

John Needham

demonstrated boiled broths still produced microorganisms

Lazzaro Spallanzani

contradicted Needham’s results; boiled broths longer, sealed flasks by melting necks, broths remained sterile unless neck cracked

confocal microscopes

known as confocal laser scanning microscopy, used a laster to scan multiple z-planes (depths), image taken at a set interval (1 micrometer) across a set depth (30 micrometer), computer software creates a 3D image, biofilms

beer, wine, bread, yogurt, cheese

foods that require microbial fermentation

quarantine

what method of containment did ancient civilizations use, especially with leprosy?

Hippocrates

father of western medicine, believed that diseases had natural, not supernatural causes

Thucydides

observed that survivors of the Athenian plaque were subsequently immune to infection

marcus terentius

proposed that disease could be caused by “certain minute creatures” which cannot be seen by the naked eye

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke

who is coined with the birth of microbiology

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

drapery merchant, made simple microscope, studied lake water, observed “animalcules”

robert hooke

used the term cell, described “microscopical mushroom” common bread mold in 1665

Louis Pasteur

fermentation, pasteurization, rabies vaccine

Robert Koch

connection between microbes and disease (tuberculosis)

microscope

produce magnified images of microorganisms, human cells and tissues, and many other types of specimens too small to be observed with the naked eye

stains and dyes

are used to add color to microbes so they can be better observed under a microscope

growth media

used to grow microorganisms in a lab setting

petri dish

flat-lidded dish that is typically 10 centimeters in diameter and 1cm high

test tubes

cylindrical plastic or glass tubes with rounded bottoms and open tops. They can be used to grow microbes in broth, or semisolid or solid growth media

bunsen burner

metal apparatus that creates a flame that can be used to sterilize pieces of equipment

inoculation loop

a handheld tool that ends in a small wire loop. The loop can be used to streak microorganisms on agar in a petri dish or to transfer them from one test tube to another

taxonomy

classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms

Carolus linnaeus

 famous early taxonomist who began grouping organisms and developed a naming system

Ernest Haekel

proposed adding Protista, proposed adding monera (bacteria) to phylogenetic tree

Robert Whittaker

proposed Fungi and other super kingdoms (empires), empire Prokaryota, Empire Eukaryota

Woese with 3 domains

which phylogeny is the most widely accepted?

Carl Woese and George Fox

created a genetics-based tree using similarities/differences of small subunit ribosomal RNA, discovered Archaea are significantly different to Bacteria

bacteria, archaea, eucarya

3 domains

binomial nomeclature

from the Linnaeus system, genus and species, rules for naming

microorganisms

small enough to require magnification, most are unicellular, some multicellular or acellular, all 3 domains

bacteria

most are harmless or helpful, a few are pathogenic; DNA not membrane-bound (no nucleus); cell walls contain peptidoglycan

archaea

unicellular prokaryotic organisms differ from bacteria, are not known to be pathogenic, no species uses photosynthesis, Carl Woese discovered this group

eukaryotic microorganisms

true nucleus, membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles, more complex than prokaryotes

algae

protists, diverse group, unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic, primarily live in water, rigid cell walls, many have flagella

protozoa

diverse group, single-celled, complex and larger than prokaryotes, most ingest organic compounds, no rigid cell wall, most motile

Fungi

diverse group, unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds and mushrooms, energy from degradation of organic molecules

helminths

parasitic worms, adults not microscopic but diseases caused by microscopic eggs and larvae; tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms

viruses

acellular, only capable of ‘reproduction’ within a host cell, cannot obtain energy or respond to the environment

viroids

composed solely of a short strand of circular RNA, also known as sub-viral agents, the sequence does not encode for a protein, do not have as many base pairs

prions

misfolded proteins, can transmit their misfolded structure onto normal variants of the same protein, causes neurodegenerative disease causing plaques known as amyloid, distinct from tau proteins

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

known as the “father of microbiology”, used a simple microscope that light only passed through one lens