21st Century Literature

Poetry

"is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words"

-uses figurative language

-the most compact form of literature

narrative poetry

lyric poetry

dramatic poetry

3 types of poetry

Narrative Poetry

these are the poems that tell a story

Lyric Poetry

poems that are supposedly sung with musical accompaniment

Dramatic Poetry

poems that are usually performed on stage, and they can be sung or spoken

persona

form

imagery

sound patterns

measure/rhythm

rhyme

figurative language

Theme

8 common elements of poetry

Persona

A dramatic character character who is the speaker in the poem

Form

poetry is written in lines, and oftentimes the lines divided into groups called stanzas

Imagery

use of language that appeals to the 5 seses

Visual/sight

Auditory/hearing

Gustatory/taste

Olfactory/smell

Tactile/touch

5 senses

Sound Patterns

include rhyme, rhythm, and other literary devices that pertain to sounds such as onomatopoeia

Measure

involves the counting of the number of stanzas and the number of syllables

Rhyme

it is the repetition of similar or identical sound at the end of poetic lines

Rhythm

is the regular succession of stressed and unstressed syllables in a lines

Figurative Language

poets use words or phrases that are put together to help readers picture ordinary things in new ways

Theme

central idea of a poem. it is usually stated as philosophical thruth in life

Genre

a major category or type of literature

Theme

Central idea of a work of literature

-moral

Prose

some emotion or ideas are better expressed directly and at length in prose and not necessarilyn in poetry

-any writing that does not have a metrical structure and rhythmical pattern like poetry

Fiction

a story that is made up or invented by an author

Short Story

should be read in one sitting and should strive for unity and effect

Novel

is longer and more complex that a short story

novel

40,000 words story

novella

17,500 - 39,999 words story

novelette

7,500 - 17,499 words story

Climactic plot

episodic plot

cumulative plot

frame narrative/embedded plot

4 Types pf plot

Climactic plot

basic and most common plot structure of a story follows a linear format

beginning, middle, and end

linear format

Episodic Plot

it features distinct episodes that are related to one another but also can be read

Cumulative Plot

contains repetition of phrases, sentences, or events with one new aspect added with each repetition

Frame Narrative/Embedded Plot

a story in which another story or other multiple stories is/are embedded

Creative Nonfiction

more than learning about facts, people, are interested about learning about people's life stories and the valuable insights about life that they want to share with others

informative nonfiction

literary nonfiction

2 categories of nonfiction

Informative Nonfiction

are text that provided factual information

Literary Nonfiction

is written like fiction, but the people, event, and places involve remain factual

autobiography

the story of a person's life

Biography

the story of a person's life told by another person

Essay

a piece of writing that centers on one topic or subject matter

Drama

specific mode of fiction represented in performance. A play, opera, mime, ballet, etc.. performed in a theater, or on radio or television

tradegy

comedy

musical drama

farce

melodrama

dialogue

monologue

soliloquy

aside

9 Types of Drama

Tragedy

has a tragic flow, making this character a tragic hero

Comedy

play aims to make audience laugh

Musical Drama

various themes are presented from serious to comedic

Farce

nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor

-mainly comedic and is characterized by absurb condition or situations and ardent actions

Melodrama

dramatic work in which events, plot, and characters are sensationalized to elicit strong emotional reaction from the audience

Dialogue

refers to the characters speech and is considered the lifeblood

-these are the conversation of two or more characters are on stage

Monologue

long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other character who are also onstage

Soliloquy

the speech of a character who is alone onstage.

-portrayed as though the character is taliking to himself, or to the audience and the words cannot be heard by the other characters

Aside

a remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to heat

Literature

derived from the latin word "littera"

Letter of the alphabet

What is the meaning of "littera"

Matthew Arnold

Describes literature as a "Criticism of Life"

The American Heritage Dictionary

Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into unity

Oscar Wilde

Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy, but moulds it to its purpose

Henry Van Dyke

Consist of writings which interprets the incoming of nature and life, in words of charm and power.

Context

refers to anything beyond the specific words of a literary work that be relevant to its meaning

In context

cosidered together with the surrounding words or circumstances

Out of context

Without the surrounding words and circumstances words are not fully understandable

Authorial Context

praces a particular literary work within the context of the author's life

marxism

literature shows class struggles and materialism

feminism

examine the role of women in the literature

queer theory

concerned with the third gender

historicism

traditional historical criticism

postcolonialism

looks into the changes in the attitude of the post colonies after the colonial period

Literary devices

distinct structures to add meaning or create more captivating story or poem

sound devices

help form visual images and highlight the mood and tone of poetry

alliteration

repetition of similar, other consonants or vowels at the beginning of closely spaced words

assonance

repetition of vowel sounds that forms internal rhymes in a line

consonance

Repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the end of words

onomatopeia

use of words that mimics the natural sounds of what is being described

repetition

repetition of words or phrases to form rhythm or to emphasize an idea

rhymes

repetition of identical sounds in two or more words, most often at the end of lines

full rhyme

words a like on both the consonant and vowel sound, all syllables rhyme

near rhymes

words with the same final vowel sounds but different final consonants

slant/half rhymes

words have the same final consonants sounds but different initial consonants and vowels

sight rhymes

words at the end of words are usually spelled the same but pronounced differently

cacophony

use of jarring, unpleasant sounds, usually harsh because sounds don't go together

euphony

use devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and assonance. pleasant in the ear

figurative language

used to make the words to deliver a more effective, and persuasive impactful message

analogy

comparison that presents the similarities between two concepts or ideas

cliche

words, phrases, sentence are overused. perceived as clever but has become demode (out of fashion)

connotation

is secondary or suggestive meaning of the word

denotation

literal meaning of the word, primary meaning in dictionary

euphemism

substitute for a description that is considered harsh or blunt

hyperbole

gross exaggeration to achieve an effect, usually for humor or emphasis

metaphor

compares two seemingly unlike objects that have similar or common characteristics without the use of "like and as"

metonymy

words or phrase that is substitute for another that is closer associated to it

oxymoron

combination of two ideas that appear to be opposite or contradictory

paradox

assertion that seens to be contradictory or silly but actually reveals some truth

personification

animal, object, or abstract idea is given human attributes characteristics

simile

compares two seemingly unlike object by using like or as

synecdoche

used when a part/portion of something used to represent the whole or vice versa

allusion

passing reference without explicit identification to literary historical person place or events to another literary work

allegory

character and their action and something the setting are contrived by the author to represent something happening in the current situation

dichotomy

divides concept, idea, story, or plot into two equal and contradictory parts; or between two opposing groups

juxtaposition

two or more ideas, places characteristics and their action are placed side by side to develop comparison and contrast

Exposition

Action

Climax

atmosphere

what are the literary elements in prose?

Philippine literature

Rich in different works which continuously evolving in different period

Colonization

Made an influence in the develop of literary writings

Oral tradition

passed down by word of mouth