Ultimate AP World Study Guide

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Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments; examples include British East India Company influence in India, Banana Republics in Honduras

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion

Civilizing Mission

the concept that Western nations could bring "advanced" science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration; included notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized.

White Man's Burden

idea that Europeans had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized;" originally coined by a British poet and writer named Rudyard Kipling in his poem of the same name

Belgian Congo

Exploited by King Leopold II of Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources (namely rubber and ivory) while mutilating and enslaving the people of the Congo

Settler Colony

Type of colonialism in which foreign settlers move to and permanently reside in their non-native land in order to strengthen the dominance of a colonial power; used to replace existing population of a region in cases when the land is already inhabited; Britain utilized this method including Jamestown in N. America, Australia, and New Zealand

Indian Revolt of 1857

Began in 1857 as a revolt of Sepoys (native Indian soldiers) of the British East India Company army; was ended by British military and resulted in full British control of India and loss of British East India Company's power

Opium Wars

wars between Great Britain and China (two separate wars: 1839-1842 and 1856-1860), began as a conflict over the opium trade as GB illegally imported opium to China in hopes of forcing trade; ended with the Treaty of Nanjing which opened 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants and created European "spheres of influence" in China

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" and all foreign influence in China. The rebellion was ended by British troops; led to decreased power and influence of the Qing Dynasty

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) An incredibly violent and destructive 14 year revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty due to their failure to deal effectively with the opium problems, the interference of foreigners, as well as the rulers' Manchurian origins. Ultimately it was a failure; 20-30 million soldiers and civilians died and it greatly weakened China and the Qing Dynasty

Spheres of Influence

areas in China where a foreign nations controlled economic developments such as trade, railroad construction, and mining; established after China lost the Opium Wars

ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; a result of migration movements driven by industrialization (ex: Little Italy, China Town, etc)

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) The US denied any Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate; reaction to migrations driven by industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries

White Australia Policy

Before 1973, a set of strict Australian limitations on non-white immigration to the country; reaction to migrations driven by industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium Wars in China and led to diminished Chinese political and economic power; set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these was Hong Kong.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. It controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years until 1857 when the British gov't took full control of India

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules to colonize Africa

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time (3-7 years), in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home. Typically from East or South Asia during the 19th and 20th centuries

Cartography

the science of mapmaking

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Omani-European Rivalry

A trade rivalry between the Omani of the Middle East and the European traders in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Fluyt

The smaller, less expensive ships sailed by the Dutch merchants and traders. They required fewer sailors and less material to make, allowing the Dutch to charge 2/3 the price of other countries.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Carrack

a large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century.

astrolabes

Devices allowing sailors to use the stars to find their north/south position (latitude) on the ocean.

magnetic compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Stern Rudder

a small piece of wood in the back so that you can steer a large vessel more effectively.

Lanteen Sail

A triangular sail used to sail against the wind.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Bartholomew Dias

student from Prince Henry's school that sailed to the southern tip of Africa.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

trading post empire

This is the type of empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trading arena./The Portuguese sought to control the commerce in the area and did not want to control large areas of land.

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

cacao

Tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa - New World food

Okra and Rice

-These two food crops were brought by African slaves to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas

-This was part of the Columbian Exchange

-AFRICAN CROPS, brought by slaves, to the AMERICAS

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Silk road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Camel Saddle

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route

Caravans

Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Margery Kempe

Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia.

Genghis Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Khanate

one of several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population

Caravansaries

an inn where desert travelers found food and shelter

overgrazing

Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

soil erosion

wearing away of surface soil by water and wind

Champa Rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice brought to China from Vietnam

Diffusion

The process of spread of an item or trend from one place to another over time

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Lateen sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Stern Rudder

controls the sailing direction of a ship

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Magnetic Compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Yuan dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644; took over after the fall of the Yuan dynasty

Pax Mongolica

Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire

Junk

A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Nomadic

wandering from place to place

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Ortogh

Mongol empire, commercial alliances created to minimize risk

Kashgar

Located on Western edge of China where Northern and Southern routes of the Silk Road met

Samarkand

City in modern day Uzbekistan, stopping point on the Silk Road between China and Mediterranean

flying cash

Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.

Paper money

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Bill of exchange

a document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date

Banking Houses

an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done, Emerged in Europe

Khan

A Mongol ruler

Batu

Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.

Moscow

Major city in Russia

Hulegu

Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.

Il-Khanate

Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

White lotus society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.